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199 by
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by主要用作介词，表示：
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在……旁边，从……旁边：
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Come over here and stand by me．过来，站在我旁边。
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They went for a picnic by the Black Sea．他们到黑海边野餐。
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He passed by the park．他从公园旁经过。
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（用在被动结构后）由，被，用：
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He was brought up by his aunt．他是由他姑姑带大的。
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He was killed by a grenade．他是被手榴弹炸死的。
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Are these made by machinery？这些是用机器造的吗？
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（说明手段、方式等）通过，用：
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We want to settle this by direct negotiation with them．我们想通过和他们直接谈判解决这个问题。
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We have to express our thought by action．我们要用行动表达我们的思想。
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The money will be paid by cheque．这笔钱将用支票支付。
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（和动名词连用）手段、方式：
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By helping them we are helping to save ourselves．靠帮助他们来帮助我们拯救自己。
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There is nothing to gain by waiting．等候没有什么好处。
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He saluted her by raising his hat．他扬起帽子和她打招呼。
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（和train, bus, plane等连用）交通工具和方式：
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We came back by bus．我们是坐公共汽车回来的。
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We’ll go home by subway．我们将坐地铁回家。
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I returned to town by the midnight express train．我坐午夜快车回到城里。
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增减程度等：
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Production rose (fell) by 30%．产量增长（降低）了30％。
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Their wages have gone up (down) by 10 per cent．他们工资提高（降低）了10％。
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