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17.7 引导词之前带介词的定语从句
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引导词之前如果带介词，可能出于以下三种情况之一：一、由于先行词的要求；二、由于从句中某个词的要求；三、出于语义表达的需要。一般情况下，介词也可以置于从句末尾。
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17.7.1 由于先行词的要求，引导词之前带介词。
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Each of us has a purpose for which we were created.
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我们每个人生于世上都有其意义。
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We are aware of the extent to which a positive attitude contributes to success.
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我们知道积极的态度在多大程度上促进成功。
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Competition is the means by which other basic values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.
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竞争是个性自由、机会平等和勤奋努力等其他基本价值观念得以保护的方式。
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17.7.2 由于从句中某个词的要求，引导词之前带介词。
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There are faults from which none of us is free.
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有些错误是我们任何人也避免不了的。（from的使用由形容词free要求）
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Experience is a school from which you can never graduate.
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经验是一所你永远毕不了业的学校。（from的使用由动词graduate要求）
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A man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm.
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一个人能够在自己具有无限热情的几乎任何事情上取得成功。（for的使用由名词enthusiasm要求）
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A genius is a man who does unique things of which nobody would expect him to be capable.
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天才是指这个人做的事情独一无二，而且没有人料到他有能力做到。（of的使用由形容词capable要求）
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17.7.3 出于语义表达的需要，引导词之前带介词。
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Knowledge is the wings with which we fly to the heavens.
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知识是我们借以飞上天堂的翅膀。
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Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound together.
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友好是社会得以紧密联系的金链。
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Eventually he attained the goals for which he had fought all his life.
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最终他实现了自己为之奋斗了一生的目标。
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