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3.6 Summary
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This chapter has introduced the concepts of argumentation, arguments, and debate. Argumentation is a process of persuasion in which arguments are presented to persuade a judge or an audience.
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Thus, arguments are particular claims, along with their support, that are used to persuade a judge or audience to adopt a particular point of view or to maintain and reinforce the current point of view. Arguments are the fundamental tool used in debate to accomplish this process of persuasion.
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This chapter noted that an argument consists of four elements, but it focused on only two of them: claim and supporting material. Claims can be divided into four types (definitions, descriptions, associations, and evaluations) and this chapter focused on claims of evaluation because they are the most interesting and the most common in debates. A variety of different kinds of supporting material are available to debaters, including evidence, explanation, analogy, and other claims. In particular, claims of description and association can be used to support claims of evaluation.
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Finally, this chapter introduced two different methods of arguing for or against a claim of evaluation. Those methods are principles and consequences. Principles and consequences frequently lead to the same evaluative conclusions, but they are different from each other in important argumentative ways.
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The terms and concepts introduced in this chapter are important to students who are preparing to study and practice the principles of debate. The second part of this text will focus specifically on Worlds-Style debate and will use the concepts of argumentation, arguments, claims, support, principles and consequences to illustrate how this or other types of debate function.
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这一章节介绍了议论、论证以及辩论的概念。议论是一个说服人的过程，辩手在这个过程中通过论证来说服评委或观众。论证由论点及论据组成，用于说服评委或观众接受一种特定的观点，或是维持、巩固当下持有的观点。论证是在辩论中用来说服他人的基本工具。
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这一章节表明了，一个论证由四个元素组成，但本章仅重点介绍其中两个：论点和支撑该论点的论据。中心论点可以被分为四种类型（定义型、描述型、关联型和评价型），这一章节主要讲解的是评价型的论点，因为这种论点最为有趣，在辩论中也最常见。辩手可以采用不同类型的论据来支撑自己的论点，比如证据、解析、类比以及其他论点等。值得注意的是，描述型和关联型论点可以用来支撑评价型论点。
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最后，本章节为支持或反对评价型论点介绍了两种不同的辩论方法，分别是原则法和结果法。很多时候，原则法和结果法会得到相同的结论，但它们论证方式不同。
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本章节中介绍的术语和概念对准备学习实践辩论规则的学生而言非常重要。本文第二部分会具体介绍英国议会制辩论，其中会用议论、论证、论点、论据、原则法和结果法的概念来说明这一类型以及其他类型的辩论是如何进行的。
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3.7 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 3
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Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:
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· Debate
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· Persuasion
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· Argumentation
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· Arguments
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· Support for an argument
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· Four kinds of claims
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· Principles
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· Consequences
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3.8 Discussion Questions for Chapter 3
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· Compare and contrast the concepts of persuasion and debate.
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· Compare and contrast the concepts of argumentation and arguments.
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· What two basic components of an argument are introduced in this chapter? What is the relationship between those two components and an argument?
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