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5.3.4 Deputy Leader of Opposition
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The duties of the Deputy Leader of Opposition are similar to those of the Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Leader should 1) advance the refutation offered by the Leader of Opposition, 2) refute arguments offered by the Deputy Prime Minister, 3) defend and rebuild new arguments offered by the Leader of Opposition, and 4) construct one or more new arguments that can be added to those offered by the Leader of Opposition.
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First, the Deputy Leader should advance the refutation offered by the Leader of Opposition. Advancing the Leader of Opposition’s refutation involves extending the important points of refutation offered by the leader of Opposition. If the Deputy Leader ignores the refutation offered by the Leader, the judge and audience might rightly assume that the refutation presented by the leader was either faulty or not very important. Instead, the Deputy Leader needs to advance that Leader’s refutation showing that the original refutation is still sound.
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Second, the Deputy Leader should refute any new arguments presented by the Deputy Prime Minister. As suggested earlier, an effective Deputy Prime Minister probably will have offered arguments above and beyond those offered by the Prime Minister. If that is the case, the Deputy Leader should engage those arguments, as this speech is the last opportunity for the First Opposition Team to refute those arguments.
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Third, the Deputy Leader should defend and rebuild any arguments presented by the Leader of Opposition. The task of the Deputy Leader is to make sure that the Leader’s arguments still stand firm in the mind of the judges and audience. To do so, the Deputy Leader needs to consider each argument one by one, engage any refutation offered by the Deputy Prime Minister, and therefore rebuild each argument.
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Finally, the Deputy Leader should present one or more new arguments against the motion. Those arguments can be similar to the arguments raised by the Leader of Opposition, yet they should be new ones to give Deputy Leader a more constructive role in the debate.
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5.3.5 Member of Government
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The Member of Government initiates the second half (Lower House) of the debate. The Member of Government needs to defend the general direction taken by the First Government Team and, more importantly, needs to show how the Second Government Team has a new and fresh position or adds something new and dynamic to the debate. In other words, the Member of Government needs to defend the thesis of the First Government Team, while doing so for different reasons. The obligations of the Member of Government can be summarized as follows: 1) defend the general perspective of the First Government Team, 2) continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition Team, 3) refute any new arguments offered by the Deputy Leader of Opposition, and 4) construct one or more new arguments that are different from but consistent with the case offered by the First Government Team. A more detailed explanation of the responsibilities of both the Member of Government and the Member of Opposition speakers can be found in Chapter 8.
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The first responsibility of the Member of the Government is to defend the general direction of the debate initiated by the First Government Team. In so doing, the Member of Government demonstrates a sense of loyalty to the other team defending the motion. This part of the Member’s speech is important but need not be time-consuming. One minute or less devoted to this aspect of the speech will probably be sufficient.
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Second, the Member of Government should continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition Team. The Member of Government should not use the same refutation as provided by debaters of the First Government Team, but should introduce new points of refutation unique to the Second Government Team.
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Third, and related to the second obligation, the Member of Government should refute new arguments presented by the Deputy Leader of Opposition. If the Deputy Leader’s arguments are not refuted at this time, the First Government Team will likely have no other opportunity to do so.
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Finally, the Member of Government should develop one or more arguments that are different from but consistent with the arguments offered by the First Government Team. Those new arguments are usually referred to as “extensions” because they have the effect of extending or advancing the debate. The extension is one of the most important tasks of the Member of Government’s speech because it provides an opportunity to distinguish the Second Government Team from the First Government while simultaneously remaining consistent with the overall approach of the First Government.
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Debaters supporting each side of the motion (Government and Opposition) will be judged not only in comparison with debaters from the other side, but in comparison to the other team on their side. An extension argument allows an adjudicator to compare the Second Government Team to the First Government.
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5.3.6 Member of Opposition
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The Member of Opposition begins the second half of the debate for the Opposition side. Like the Second Government Team, the goal of the Second Opposition Team is to remain consistent with the First Opposition team while presenting a perspective unique to the Second Opposition. To accomplish this goal, the Member of Opposition needs to fulfill several roles: 1) defend the general direction taken by the First Opposition Team, 2) briefly continue the refutation of the case of the First Government, 3) provide more specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government, and 4) present one or more new arguments that are consistent with, yet different from, those presented by the First Opposition Team.
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First, the Member of Opposition should defend the general perspective taken by the First Opposition Team. This need not be a time-consuming enterprise, but its accomplishment will show how the Member of Opposition is being loyal to the arguments of the First Opposition Team. An important point that should not be missed is that the Member of Opposition’s arguments must be consistent with the stance offered by the Leader of Opposition. If the Leader of Opposition defended the status quo, so must the Member of Opposition. If the Leader of Opposition presented and defended an alternative or counter-proposal, the Member of Opposition must also defend that stance. Of course, the Member needs to defend the Opposition stance by using new and unique arguments, and must remain loyal to the stance adopted by the Leader.
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Second, the Member of Opposition should briefly continue the refutation of the case presented by the First Government Team. Again, this continued refutation should be brief and should involve new points of refutation not yet considered by members of the First Opposition Team.
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Third, the Member of Opposition should present more specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government. Refutation of the Member of Government’s arguments is an important task because those are completely new arguments supporting the Government side and have not yet been joined by the Opposition side.
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Finally, the Member of Opposition should present an extension—an argument consistent with yet different from that presented by the First Opposition Team. Like the Government’s extension, presenting the Opposition’s extension is an important responsibility of the Member of Opposition because it allows the Second Opposition Team to show its loyalty while clearly differentiating themselves from the First Opposition Team.
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5.3.7 Government Whip
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The Whip speakers for both teams have the responsibility to close the debate for their respective sides. The Government Whip should accomplish three goals: 1) refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition, 2) rebuild the extension offered by the Member of Government, and 3) summarize the debate from the perspective of the Government side. More will be said about Whip speeches in Chapter 9.
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The first responsibility of the Government Whip is to refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition. The Government Team will not yet have discussed this extension; therefore, its refutation is an important responsibility of the Government Whip.
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The second responsibility of the Government Whip is to defend and rebuild the extension offered by the Member of Government. The Member of Government’s extension is a very important part of the Second Government’s case and, in all likelihood, will have been refuted by the Member of Opposition. Therefore, defending this extension is important to the overall case of the Second Opposition Team. Sometimes, rather than providing an explicit defense and rebuilding of the Member of Government’s extension, the Government Whip may decide to include that defense as a part of the overall summary.
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