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1705134299 思辨精英:英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132379]
1705134300 7.3 Common Kinds of Opposition Arguments
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1705134302 The kinds of common arguments may differ depending on whether the motion is one of value or of policy. The discussion below will begin with common arguments to be raised when confronting a policy, and then will move to those which can be used arguing against a value motion.
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1705134304 思辨精英:英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132380]
1705134305 7.3.1 Arguments Against a Policy Motion
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1705134307 Typically, arguments against a policy motion include those that suggest that the model will not solve the problems raised by the First Government Team. They also include principled arguments against the First Government team’s model, arguments claiming that the model will create more problems than it will solve, and arguments to suggest that a counter proposal is better.
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1705134309 7.3.1.1 The Model Will Not Solve Problems A common type of argument used to oppose a model is one that claims that the actions envisioned by the Prime Minister will not solve the problems suggested by the First Government Team. That kind of argument is appropriate when one of the Government speakers uses the very common method of describing a serious problem in the status quo and then shows how the proposed model will solve that problem. The First Government Team’s argument is probably centered on cause and effect reasoning. The Government speaker will describe a problem, and then describe its cause in such a way that the model can eliminate or circumvent the cause, thus, solving or at least mitigating the problem. The Opposition debaters will then need to consider that cause and effect relationship.
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1705134311 For instance, a Prime Minister might describe problems of secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa, arguing that lack of access to education causes an increase in poverty. He or she might note that people without a secondary education are much more likely to exist on less than $200(US Dollars) per year than people who have earned a secondary education. A debater for the Opposition might suggest that the model will not solve the problem of poverty because it fails to deal with one of the most significant causes of poverty, HIV/AIDS. The Leader of Opposition might suggest that HIV/AIDS is a substantial reason people are not getting education and that, even if children are guaranteed access to education, they will not complete their schooling nor will they move out of poverty because of HIV/AIDS.
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1705134313 The illustration below shows how such an argument might look:
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1705134315 Opposition Argument: The Model Will Not Solve the Problem
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1705134317 Claim: Access to education will not solve the problem of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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1705134321 ·Sub-claim 1: Students will not complete their education because of HIV/AIDS.
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1705134323 ■ Teachers may be unable to teach because of HIV/AIDS.
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1705134325 ■ Students may have to leave school to care for family members who have HIV/AIDS.
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1705134327 ■ Students may be forced to drop out of school because they have HIV/AIDS.
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1705134329 ·Sub-claim 2: Even if students are guaranteed access to secondary schools, they may not be able to complete their education.
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1705134331 ·Sub-claim 3: Because they do not complete their education, students will still be confined to poverty.
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1705134333 To clarify the process of arguing that the model will not solve the problem, consider a second example. If the First Government Team presented a model suggesting that the United Nations should install desalinization plants to solve the problem of clean drinking water, the Leader of Opposition might suggest that desalinization will not, by itself, provide clean drinking water.
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1705134335 Such an argument is illustrated below:
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1705134337 The goal of such an argument is to test whether or not the Prime Minister has isolated the correct cause of the problem. If the alleged cause is not the real cause, then removing the alleged cause will have no effect on the problem.
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1705134339 Opposition Argument: The Model Will Not Solve the Problem
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1705134341 Claim: Desalinization will not provide clean drinking water.
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1705134345 ·Sub-claim 1: Desalinization works primarily for rich countries located by the ocean.
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1705134347 ·Sub-claim 2: Much of the world’s population in need of clean drinking water does not live near the ocean.
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