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9.5 Summary
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The main function of a Whip speech is to convince the audience to look at the big picture (the entire debate) through a certain lens that is favorable to the Whip speaker’s side. That lens should focus the audience’s attention on the strengths of the arguments supported by the Whip speaker. The lens may also emphasize vocabulary that is beneficial to the Whip speaker’s position. For example, those who are in favor of abortion rights would rather label their opponents as “anti-choice” rather than “pro-life” in order to focus on the value of choice rather than life. Thus, the function of a good Whip speech is to convince the audience to look at a confusing set of arguments in a way that simplifies the task of deciding which set of arguments is best, and to do so in a manner most favorable to your side. Of course, while other details need to be kept in mind, the primary thing to remember and master is to create a compelling framework in the Whip speech.
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Several different approaches to creating a summary framework are available. Three of them are discussed above: 1) the repeating method, 2) the regrouping method, and 3) the reframing method. The first method is not recommended if you want a strong Whip speech. The second and third methods can both be very effective, but the reframing method is the most effective if it is done well. Reframing is also the most difficult because it is harder to see what the fundamental questions are, but knowing how to formulate the fundamental questions well is important to do well in all positions in the debate.
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Finally, remember that the Whip speaker has about an hour between the beginning of preparation time and the Whip speech. In that time, the Whip speaker has three main tasks. First, the Whip speaker must help his or her partner create extension material: new lines of argument, deeper analysis of existing arguments, rebuttal arguments, new examples and analogies, etc. Second, the Whip speaker must think of good points of information to ask that seriously challenge what the speakers are saying. Third, the Whip speaker needs to focus on how to frame the debate. As the arguments in the debate unfold and get pushed deeper, the Whip speaker must continue to think about the best way to summarize the debate. In the end, the performance of the Whip speaker will be judged based on how persuasive the Whip speech is. A persuasive speech is the best way for a Whip speaker to help the team, so listening to all of the previous speeches is important. However, a Whip speaker need not be obsessed with getting every idea down in notes. A good Whip speaker should take the time necessary to create an effective framework that weaves together all of the most important issues discussed during the debate. Once an appropriate framework is created, the placement of important arguments in the debate within that framework becomes fairly obvious, even if some arguments come up in more than one place.
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党鞭演讲的主要作用是说服观众透过一副有利于己方的“有色眼镜”来审视整场辩论。这副“有色眼镜”应将观众的注意力转移到己方支持的论点或词汇上。比如，支持堕胎自由的人会将反方打上“剥夺自主选择权”而非“反堕胎”的标签，这是为了把关注点放在选择权而非生命的价值上。因此，一个好的党鞭演讲，可以用简单的方法，帮助观众在诸多繁杂的论点中，判断出最有说服力的论证，并且引导他们支持党鞭所在的这一方。当然，在牢记这些细节的同时，最重要的是在党鞭演讲中构建一个令人信服的框架。
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构建总结性框架的方法有很多种。上面我们谈到了其中三种：1）重复法；2）分组法；3）解构法。如果希望呈现一个强有力的党鞭演讲，我们不推荐使用第一种方法。第二和第三种方法更好一些，其中解构法在使用得当的情况下会是最有效的。解构法同时也是最难的，因为找到辩题中最基本最关键的问题非常困难。然而，知道如何恰当地系统阐述基本问题，对处于任何位置的辩论都至关重要。
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最后，值得注意的是，从准备时间开始到演讲，党鞭大概有一个小时左右可以用来准备。在这段时间里，党鞭有三个主要任务：第一，帮助队友构思延伸的内容，如新的论证思路、更深层的分析、反驳的论点、新的例子以及类比等等。第二，需要想出好的质询以强有力地挑战对方观点。第三，要把重点放在如何整理出一个框架上。随着辩论中论证的展开和深入，党鞭要不断思考如何才能最好地总结整场辩论。党鞭的表现取决于其总结性发言是否有说服力。发表一场有说服力的演讲是党鞭帮助整支队伍的最好方法，因此，仔细聆听之前所有的演讲是至关重要的。然而党鞭并不需要记下前面演讲中所有的观点，而是应该充分利用时间，将之前谈及的重要问题联系在一起，建立一个有力的框架。搭建起合理的框架后，如何在其中填充辩论中出现的重要观点就相对简单了，即使有些论点在不同地方重复出现也没有关系。
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9.6 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 9
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Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:
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· Whip speaker
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· Extension
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· Summary
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· The paradox of Whip speeches
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· Direct comparison
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· Crystalize
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· Repeating method
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· Regrouping method
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· Reframing method
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· Fundamental questions
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· Response trap
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9.7 Discussion Questions for Chapter 9
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· What are the primary goals of a Whip speech?
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· How much refutation should be included in a Whip speech?
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· What kinds of new information should Whip speeches contain?
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