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16.3 Summary
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In summary, evidence is the starting point of any argument. Categories of evidence discussed in this chapter include facts, theories, presumptions, values, value hierarchies, and value categories. Much remains to be said about evidence in debate. How does the debater research evidence? How does the debater go about selecting evidence for an argument? How does a debater criticize and evaluate the quality of evidence? We will consider those and other important questions later in this book.
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总而言之，论据是论证过程的起点。本章中我们讨论了各种类型的论据，包括事实、理论、设想、价值判断、价值等级以及价值类别。然而还有很多内容有待挖掘，比如说，辩手们如何搜集论据？如何选取合适的论据为论点服务？如何评估论据的质量？在接下来的章节中，我们将进一步探讨这些及其他重要问题。
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16.4 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 16
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Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:
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· Facts
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· Theories
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· Presumptions
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· Values
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· Value hierarchies
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· Value categories
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16.5 Discussion Questions for Chapter 16
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· How are facts and theories different from one another as kinds of evidence?
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· How are examples and illustrations different from one another?
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· How are statistics and empirical studies related to one another?
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· What is the reason for asking debaters to document their evidence?
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16.6 Exercise for Chapter 16
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· Start with some claim discussed in Chapter 15 (Smoking should be banned in public places; a wireless city is desirable; in cases of divorce, custody should be granted to the mother) or some other claim that you think is interesting, and support the claim using at least three different kinds of evidence.
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 17Linking Evidence to Claims
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Robert Trapp
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Chapter Outline
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