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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132487]
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 17Linking Evidence to Claims
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Robert Trapp
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Chapter Outline
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17.1 Argument by Authority
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17.2 Argument by Generalization
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17.3 Argument by Analogy
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17.4 Argument by Causality
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17.5 Argument by Principle
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17.6 Argument by Incompatibility
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17.7 Argument by Dissociation
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17.8 Summary
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17.9 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 17
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17.10 Discussion Questions for Chapter 17
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17.11 Exercise for Chapter 17
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In many ways, the most important part of any argument is the claim because it is the element that establishes the arguer’s position. Once the claim is stated, evidence and links become the other essential elements. Evidence was discussed in the previous chapter. The subject of this chapter is links. Sometimes, people use the term links synonymously with the term reasoning. The view taken in this chapter is that links are an important part, but not the whole of reasoning. A link is the process whereby people reason their way from evidence to a claim; therefore, the two concepts are very similar.
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The link8is sometimes not even stated in the argument. Whether stated or unstated, the link is the reasoning process that connects evidence to claim. Different kinds of links frequently separate arguments into common types. For instance, certain kinds of links regularly appear in “arguments from principle,” while others are used in arguments by “analogy.”9Still other links are apparent in “arguments by dissociation.” In each of these cases, as well as others, links more clearly identify the type of argument employed.
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Unlike evidence and claims, links are frequently unstated. Because links are so closely associated with patterns of reasoning, audiences will usually understand the link even if it is not explicitly stated. Thus, debaters can take advantage of those familiar patterns and leave the links unstated.
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This chapter does not discuss all of the kinds of links that debaters have at their disposal, but it does describe several of the more commonly used kinds of links. Links discussed in this chapter represent some very frequently used methods of connecting evidence and claims. Those links are briefly described in the following illustration, and then more completely in the remainder of this chapter.
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132488]
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17.1 Argument by Authority
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An authoritative link is used to create a positive association between an arguer’s claim and the statement of some authority. But what exactly is “an authority?” People who have engaged in certain positive acts become “authorities,” and their words carry more weight than those of persons who are not authorities. For example, persons who have earned advanced degrees in nuclear physics are considered authorities in that subject, and audiences tend to accept, without further argument, what they say regarding nuclear physics. A person with a degree in French literature would not be accepted as an authority on nuclear physics.
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To assess the adequacy of an authoritative link, debaters should ask at least three questions about the particular source used to support the claim:
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1) Is the person an expert? Many qualities identify people as experts, but usually, experts hold advanced degrees or have particular experiences that give them access to information beyond that which is available to the general public.