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23.3.2 Tabulation Director
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The process of collecting results and determining the total ranks for each team and the speaker points for each debater is called tabulation. Tabulation should occur in a secluded room to provide a quiet space for the tabulation team. Tabulation of the tournament should be the responsibility of a small group, with the Tabulation Director as the leader.
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The Tabulation Director, another key member of the tournament staff, is appointed by the Tournament Host or Tournament Director. In some cases, either the Tournament Host or Tournament Director may also serve as the Tabulation Director. The Tabulation Director is responsible for all of the issues related to tabulation, including entering information about teams, judges, and rooms; matching each of the debates; printing ballots; and, recording results at the conclusion of each debate. Most tournaments also have one or two Tabulation Assistants, who are available to help the Tabulation Director with the recording of results. Tournaments should have at least two individuals to record results for each debate so that one individual can read the scores while the other inputs the scores into the tabulation program. This makes tabulation more efficient and helps create a double check to avoid errors.
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For smaller events, two people can probably handle the tabulation of results, but for a larger event, a group of four will be needed for the task. That tabulation group must post the draw for each debate, assign the judges, record the results, and determine which teams advance to elimination rounds. The tabulation group will also be responsible for keeping an accurate list of the names of all of the competitors, as well as tracking any changes during the tournament. See
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Appendix C for a complete list of the responsibilities of the tabulation group.
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A variety of computer programs are available to run tabulation for Worlds-Style debate, and the Tabulation Director should train the other members of the tabulation staff in the use of such programs in advance of the tournament. Those computer programs not only assign rooms for debates and judges for each room, but they also determine the positions that each team will debate, and attempt to create fairly matched debates for each round. While the methods might vary slightly across different computer programs, all programs track position constraints (to ensure that a team gets to rotate through different speaking positions throughout the tournament) and provide some level of power-matching (pairing of teams that have similar scores based on their previous rounds). Links to some of the tabulation computer programs used by the authors of this text can be found at http://willamette.edu/cla/china_debate/curriculum/index.html.
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23.3.3 Chief Adjudicator
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Some tournaments, particularly large international events like the China Open and the World Universities Debate Championships, may also appoint a Chief Adjudicator or CA. The Chief Adjudicator is responsible for overseeing the process of writing motions, leading judge-training sessions, and identifying judges who are suitable for use as Chairs. The Chief Adjudicator will also judge some debates at the tournament, and should be the first person to whom any questions or complaints about judging issues are addressed. To assist with those duties, some tournaments appoint a Deputy Chief Adjudicator, or DCA.
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The Chief Adjudicator will frequently offer training sessions to students and judges. Almost all tournaments offer some type of training sessions for judges. Those sessions can be conducted on the first day of the tournament, if necessary, but some advance judge orientation is beneficial. Knowledgeable judges help to ensure good debates, and participants benefit from the feedback they receive from well-trained judges. Typically, a judge-training session should include a discussion of the following topics:
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· General description of the debate format
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A. Responsibilities of each of the speakers and time limits for each of the speeches
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B. Discussion about how to fill out a ballot, including rankings and speaker points
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· Introduction to the “consensus judging” process
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A. Description of the types of comments that judges should provide to competitors during oral adjudication
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In addition to conducting judge training, the Chief Adjudicator should also provide judges with general information about the process of judging. Some basic handouts that include instructions for judges should be made available when the judges pick up their ballots for the first debate. See Appendix D at the end of this chapter for a sample judge instruction handout for Worlds-Style debate. Instructional handouts can also be sent to judges in advance of the tournament to allow them to read the material and bring any questions they may have to the judge-training session. Finally, at tournament registration, all judges participating in the event should be asked to share their level of experience with debate and their comfort level with judging in English, Mandarin, or the language of the tournament.
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23.3.4 Judges
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Methods for determining the total number of judges required for the tournament were discussed earlier. In order to assure that the tournament actually has sufficient judges, the Tournament Director should instruct schools about the number of judges that each school is required to bring with their contingent. The required number of judges that a school must bring can be calculated based on the total number of teams that the school enters in the tournament. Most of the time, to ensure an adequate number of judges, tournaments require schools to follow an “N minus 1 rule”(N-1) where “N” represents the number of teams entered by a school. (N-1) will usually ensure that the tournament can supply three judges for each debate. In other words, using (N-1), a school with four teams entered would be required to supply three judges. If, on the other hand, the tournament only plans to have two judges evaluating a debate (one Chair and one wing judge), the Tournament Director will impose an “N divided by 2 rule” (N/2). In that case, a school with four teams would be required to bring two judges rather than three. When a tournament uses N/2, schools need to round up any fractions. So, a school that enters three teams would calculate N/2 and get 1.5 as the result. So, that school would be required to bring two judges.
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23.3.5 Volunteers and Swing Teams
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Volunteers are needed to serve as timers, ballot collectors, and swing teams. The number of volunteers needed will, of course, be dictated by the size of the tournament.
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For instance, if volunteers are going to serve as timers and ballot runners, at least one timer is required for each room (10 volunteers using the previous example of 40 teams). Extra volunteers also are needed to serve as ballot collectors and runners for each different building or floor used for the competition. After the judges have rendered their decisions and completed their ballots, the timers can then hand the ballot to the designated ballot runner for the building or floor so that it can be transported quickly to the tabulation group.
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In addition, some debaters from the host school need to be available to serve as “swing teams.” Since Worlds-Style debate requires four teams in each room, extra teams often have to be added to ensure that the total number of teams is divisible by four. For instance, if 38 teams are registered for the tournament, two swing teams (four students total) are needed to bring the total to 40 teams. Even if the number of teams registered for the event is divisible by four, the host school should also have at least three swing teams available for each division of debate, since they may be needed to fill in for teams that miss their rounds due to illness or other circumstances.
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23.3.6 Other Staff
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Finally, tournaments also rely on assistance from other staff members to ensure a successful event. Typically, two students will be appointed to serve as tabulation room assistants, and they will help with the printing and organizing of ballots, or other tasks for which the Tabulation Director requires extra assistance. In addition, two students will also be needed to assist with tournament registration and sit at the ballot table throughout the tournament to help with the distribution of ballots to judges and the collection of ballots at the conclusion of each round of debate, if ballot runners are not being used. Finally, as noted in the previous discussion about tournament size, for larger events extra volunteers may be needed to assist with registration and hospitality throughout the event.
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