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23.3.4 Judges
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Methods for determining the total number of judges required for the tournament were discussed earlier. In order to assure that the tournament actually has sufficient judges, the Tournament Director should instruct schools about the number of judges that each school is required to bring with their contingent. The required number of judges that a school must bring can be calculated based on the total number of teams that the school enters in the tournament. Most of the time, to ensure an adequate number of judges, tournaments require schools to follow an “N minus 1 rule”(N-1) where “N” represents the number of teams entered by a school. (N-1) will usually ensure that the tournament can supply three judges for each debate. In other words, using (N-1), a school with four teams entered would be required to supply three judges. If, on the other hand, the tournament only plans to have two judges evaluating a debate (one Chair and one wing judge), the Tournament Director will impose an “N divided by 2 rule” (N/2). In that case, a school with four teams would be required to bring two judges rather than three. When a tournament uses N/2, schools need to round up any fractions. So, a school that enters three teams would calculate N/2 and get 1.5 as the result. So, that school would be required to bring two judges.
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23.3.5 Volunteers and Swing Teams
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Volunteers are needed to serve as timers, ballot collectors, and swing teams. The number of volunteers needed will, of course, be dictated by the size of the tournament.
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For instance, if volunteers are going to serve as timers and ballot runners, at least one timer is required for each room (10 volunteers using the previous example of 40 teams). Extra volunteers also are needed to serve as ballot collectors and runners for each different building or floor used for the competition. After the judges have rendered their decisions and completed their ballots, the timers can then hand the ballot to the designated ballot runner for the building or floor so that it can be transported quickly to the tabulation group.
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In addition, some debaters from the host school need to be available to serve as “swing teams.” Since Worlds-Style debate requires four teams in each room, extra teams often have to be added to ensure that the total number of teams is divisible by four. For instance, if 38 teams are registered for the tournament, two swing teams (four students total) are needed to bring the total to 40 teams. Even if the number of teams registered for the event is divisible by four, the host school should also have at least three swing teams available for each division of debate, since they may be needed to fill in for teams that miss their rounds due to illness or other circumstances.
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23.3.6 Other Staff
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Finally, tournaments also rely on assistance from other staff members to ensure a successful event. Typically, two students will be appointed to serve as tabulation room assistants, and they will help with the printing and organizing of ballots, or other tasks for which the Tabulation Director requires extra assistance. In addition, two students will also be needed to assist with tournament registration and sit at the ballot table throughout the tournament to help with the distribution of ballots to judges and the collection of ballots at the conclusion of each round of debate, if ballot runners are not being used. Finally, as noted in the previous discussion about tournament size, for larger events extra volunteers may be needed to assist with registration and hospitality throughout the event.
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23.4 Tournament Invitation
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One of the first and most important responsibilities of the Tournament Host is to write and distribute tournament invitations. Invitations should include the following information:
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· The date, time, and location of the tournament
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· The entry deadline for the tournament (the time and date by which all participants should submit their complete list of debate teams and judges)
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· How to submit entries
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· Contact information from the individual submitting the entry
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· The types of debate being offered and the rules for each type of debate
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· Topic areas, if they are to be used
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The invitation should be submitted about three months prior to the entry deadline to provide schools plenty of time to decide whether or not they can attend, plan their schedule, and make their travel decisions. The entry deadline should be at least one week before the start of the tournament. A one-week entry deadline will allow the Tournament Host time to contact extra judges, if necessary, and will also provide time to enter the contestant names into a computer tabulation program.
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The invitation should instruct participants how to submit their entries. Entries should include a list of names of all judges and debaters who will participate, as well as contact information for the person submitting the entries. As entries come in for the tournament, the Tournament Director should create a list of all participants. The Tournament Director needs to know how many total teams are entered because, as mentioned previously, that number determines how many judges and rooms are needed. Additional items such as the rules for the type of debate offered and topic areas, if they are to be used, may also be included as part of the invitation.
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A template for a tournament invitation is provided in Appendix B at the end of this chapter. Of course, it will need to be modified according to the needs of the individual tournament.
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23.5 Summary
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This chapter has considered some general guidelines about administering debate tournaments. Organizing a debate tournament requires careful planning and preparation, including consideration of the size of the tournament, tournament location, tournament logistics, preparation of judges, and tabulation of results. A debate tournament requires sufficient planning and preparation in the months leading up to the event in order to be successful.
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本章介绍了组织辩论联赛的一些基本步骤。组织一场辩论联赛需要非常细致的规划和前期准备，要考虑诸多方面，例如：联赛的规模大小、场地位置、组织工作、裁判的准备以及比赛结果的统计等等。一场辩论联赛需要在举办前几个月进行充分规划和准备，才能保证其成功举办。
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