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1707566262 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 [:1707562100]
1707566263 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 第十五章
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1707566265 有关石油业的发展史和前景展望可参看下列两本书:Kenneth Deffeyes写的Hubbert’s Peak:The Impending World Oil Shortage(Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 2001)和Paul Roberts的The End of Oil(Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 2004)。业界的视角可从一些大型国际石油公司的网站来了解, 如雪佛龙德士古的www.chevrontexaco.corn。
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1707566267 有关采矿业的真实情况,读者可关注几家主要的矿产公司共同发起的一项名为“Mining, Minerals, and Sustainable Development”的计划,相关出版物有Breaking New Ground:Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development(London:Earthscan, 2002);以及Alistair MacDonald的Industry in Transition:A Profile of the North American Mining Sector(Winnipeg:International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2002)。其他数据还有华盛顿矿业政策中心的出版物,如最近更名为Earthworks的杂志(网址:www.mineralpolicy.org)。探讨采矿业环境问题的专著有:Duane Smith的Mining America:The Industry and the Environment, 1800-1980(Boulder:University Press of Colorado, 1993);Thomas Power写的Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies:The Search for a Value of Place(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 1996);Jerrold Marcus编辑的Mining Environmental Handbook:Effects of Mining on the Environment and American Environmental Controls on Mining(London:Imperial College Press, 1997);以及Al Gedicks的Resource Rebels:Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations(Cambridge, Mass:South End Press, 2001)。下列两本书讲述了巴布亚新几内亚布根维尔岛铜矿开采业经营失利的情况:M.O’Callaghan写的Enemies Within:Papua New Guinea, Australia, and the Sandline Crisis:The Inside Story(Sydney:Doubleday, 1999);和Donald Denoon写的Getting Under the Skin:The Bougainville Copper Agreement and Creation of the Panguna Mine(Melbourne:Melbourne University Press, 2000)。
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1707566269 有关森林认证的信息,请登录森林管理委员会的网站:www.fscus.org。如果想了解森林管理委员会与其他认证系统的区别,可以参阅Saskia Ozinga的Behind the Logs:An Environmental and Social Assessment of Forest Certification Schemes(Moreton-in-Marsh, UK:Fern, 2001)。关于森林砍伐史,可参考下列两本书:John Perlin的A Forest Journey:The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization(New York:Norton, 1989)和Michael Williams写的Deforesting the Earth:From Prehistory to Global Crisis(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003)。
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1707566271 有关渔业养殖证的信息,可以登录海洋管理委员会的网站:www.msc.org。Howard M.Johnson(网站:www.hmj.com)写了一系列名为美国水产业的年报(Jacksonville, Ore.:Howard Johnson, annually)。在Jason Clay 的World Agriculture and the Environment:A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2004)一书中,有两章专门探讨虾和鲑鱼的水产养殖。有关总体或个别鱼类过度捕捞的问题,可以参看下列四本书籍:Mark Kurlansky的Cod:A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World(New York:Walker, 1997);Suzanne Ludicello、Michael Weber与Robert Wreland的Fish, Markets, and the Fishermen:The Economics of Overfishing(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 1999);David Montgomery写的King of Fish:The Thousand-Year Run of Salmon(New York:Westview, 2003);以及Daniel Pauly与Jay Maclean的In a Perfect Ocean(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2003)。相关论文可参看Jeremy Jackson等人发表的“Historical overfishing and thc recent collapse of coastal ecosystems”(Science 293:629-638(2001))。Ronald Hits等人在他们的报告“Global assessment of organic contaminates in farmed salmon”(Science 303:226-229(2004))中提出人工养殖的三文鱼比野生三文鱼含有的毒素更高。
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1707566273 如果不了解企业在竞争激烈的商界生存的艰难,就很难理解企业采用的环境措施。就这一主题,如下三本书可供参考:Thomas Peters、Robert Waterman Jr合著的In Search of Excellence:Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies(New York:HarperCollins, 1982, republished in 2004);Robert Waterman Jr.的The Renewal Factor:How the Best Get and Keep the Competitive Edge(Toronto:Bantam Books, 1987);以及Robert Waterman Jr.写的Adhocracy:The Power to Change(New York:Norton, 1990)。
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1707566275 探讨企业经营与环境保护两者如何兼顾的书籍有Tedd Saunders与Loretta McGovern合著的The Bottom Line of Green Is Black:Strategies for Creating Profitable and Environmentally Sound Businesses(San Francisco:HarperSanFrancisco, 1993);以及Jem Bendell编辑的Terms for Endearmen:Business NGOs and Sustainable Development(Sheffield, UK:Greenleaf, 2000)。
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1707566280 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 [:1707562101]
1707566281 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 第十六章
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1707566283 2001年以后出版的一些综述当今环境问题,以及介绍这方面文献资料的书籍有:Stuart Pimm的The World According to Pimm:A Scientist Audits the Earth(New York:McGraw-Hill, 2001);Lester Brown写的三本书:Eco-economy:Building an Economy for the Earth(New York:Norton, 2001), Plan B:Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and Civilization in Trouble(New York:Norton, 2003), 以及State of the World(New York:Norton, published annually since 1984);还有Edward Wilson的The Future of Life(New York:Knopf, 2002);Gretchen Daily与Katherine Ellison合著的The New Economy of Nature:The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2002);David Lorey编辑的Global Environmental Challenges of the Twenty-first century:Resources, Consumption, and Sustainable Solutions(Wilmington, Del.:Scholarly Resources, 2003);Paul Ehrlich与Anne Ehrlich合著的One with Nineveh:Politics, Consumption, and the Human Future(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2004);以及James Speth写的Red Sky at Morning:America and the Crisis of the Global Environment(New Haven:Yale University Press, 2004)。
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1707566285 第十五章的补充阅读部分提供了有关滥伐森林、过度捕捞和石油业问题的参考文献。Vaclav Smil在Energy at the Crossroads: Global Perspectives and Uncertainties(Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press, 2003)一书中不仅提到石油、煤炭和天然气,还涉及其他形式的能源。探讨生物多样性的危机和栖息地破坏问题的专著有John Terborgh写的Where Have All the Birds Gone?(Princeton, N.J.Princeton University Press, 1989)和Requiem for Nature(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 1999);David Quammen的Song of the Dodo(New York:Scribner, 1997);以及Marjorie Reaka-Kudla等人编辑的Biodiversity 2:Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources(Washington, D.C.:Joseph Henry Press, 1997)。
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1707566287 有关珊瑚礁破坏的最新论文有:T.P.Hughes的“Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs”(Science 301:929-933(2003));J.M.Pandolfi等人发表的“Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems”(Science 301:955-958(2003));及D.R.Bellwood等人合作发表的“Confronting the coral reef crisis”(Nature 429:827-833(2004))。
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1707566289 涉及土壤问题的专著有:Vernon Gill Carter 与Tom Dale合著的经典之作Topsoil and Civilization, revised ed.(Norman:University of Okalahoma Press, 1974);及Keith Wiebe编辑的Land Quality, Agricultural Productivity, and Food Security:Biophysical Processes and Economic Choices at Local, Regional, and Global Levels(Cheltenham, UK:Edward Elgar, 2003)。与上述专著持不同观点的论文有 David Pimentel等人发表的“Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits”(Science 267:1117-1123(1995));Stanley Trimble 与Pierre Crosson共同发表的“U.S.soil erosion rates — myth and reality”(Science 289:248-250(2000));还有不同作者在Science发表的八篇相关文章304:1613-1637(2004)。
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1707566291 有关世界各地的供水问题,参看Peter Gleick每隔两年发表的相关报告,如The World’s Water, 1998-1999:The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2000)。Vernon Scarborough在The Flow of Power:Ancient Water Systems and Landscapes(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 2003)一书中对于古代各个社会解决用水问题的方法进行了比较。
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1707566293 关于绿色植物通过光合作用吸收和使用太阳能(被称为“净初级生产力”),可参看Peter Vitousek等人发表的“Human domination of Earths ecosystems”(Science 277:494-499(1997))。Mark Imhoff等人写的“Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production”(Nature 429:870-873(2004))使用的资料更新,并分地区进行探讨。
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1707566295 Theo Colborn、Dianne Dumanoski与John Peterson Myers合著的Our Stolen Future(New York:Plume, 1997)一书综述了有毒化学物质对于生物(包括人类在内)的影响。有关有毒化学物质给人类带来的巨大经济代价及其对于整个生态系统的冲击可参看Tom Horton与William Eichbaum合著的Turning the Tide:Saving the Chesapeake Bay(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 1991)。
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1707566297 论及全球变暖和气候变化的专著有:Steven Schneider的Laboratory Earth:The Planetary Gamble We Can’t Afford to Lose(New York:Basic Books,1997);Michael Glantz写的Currents of Change:Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on Climate and Society, 2nd ed.(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001);以及Spencer Weart的The Discovery of Global Warming(Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 2003)。
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1707566299 关于人口问题有三个经典之作可以参考:Paul Ehrlich的The Population Bomb(New York:Ballantine Books, 1968);Paul Ehrlich与Anne Ehrlich合著的The Population Explosion(New York:Simon & Schuster, 1990);以及Joel Cohen写的How Many People Can the Earth Support?(New York:Norton, 1995)。
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1707566301 对于我居住的洛杉矶的环境和人口问题,可参阅The Heinz Center的The State of the Nations Ecosystems:Measuring the Lands, Waters, and Living Resources of the United States(New York:Cambridge University Press, 2002)。
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1707566303 读者若想多了解本章所列举的一些环境问题的论调,可以参看Bjórn Lomborg的The Skeptical Environmentalist(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001)。更深入的讨论见Paul Ehrlich与Anne Ehrlich合著的Betrayal of Science and Reason(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 1996)。本章讨论到的罗马俱乐部见Donella Meadows等人发表的The Limits to Growth(New York:Universe Books, 1972)。Donella Meadows、Jorgen Randers与Dennis Meadows其后又出了更新版The Limits to Growth:The 30-Year Update(White River Junction, Vt.:Chelsea Green, 2004)。至于误警是多少的问题,参看S.W.Pacala等人发表的“False alarm over environmental false alarms”(Science 301:1187-1188(2003))。
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1707566305 涉及环境、人口问题与政局动荡之间相关性的资料可登录国际人口行动的网站:www.populationaction.org;也可参阅Richard Cincotta、Robert Engelman与Daniele Anastasion合著的The Security Demographic:Population and Civil Conflict after the Cold War(Washington, D.C.:Population Action International, 2004);还有Woodrow Wilson Center出版的年报The Environmental Change and Security Project Report(网站见:www.wilson.org/ecsp);及Thomas Homer-Dixon的“Environmental scarcities and violent conflict:evidence from cases”(International Security 19:5-40(1994))。
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1707566307 最后,读者若是好奇漂流到东南太平洋迪西岛和奥埃诺岛的垃圾除了三得利的威士忌瓶子外,还有哪些东西,可以参阅T.G.Benton的“From castaways to throwaways:marine litter in the Pitcairn Islands”(Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56:415-422(1995))一文中的三张图表。
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1707566309 有关第十六章开头列举的12种主要环境问题,已有很多书籍探讨政府和组织该如何解决这些问题。然而还是有很多人自问:作为一个独立个体,我能做什么才能改变现状?如果你是一个有钱人,能做的事当然很多:例如比尔·盖茨夫妇捐出几十亿美元用以解决迫在眉睫的世界公共健康问题。如果你是当权者,可以利用职务之便推动自己的计划,例如美国总统布什和多米尼加共和国总统巴拉格尔虽然采用不同的方式,但都能通过自己的影响力,为本国的环境问题尽心尽力。而我们这些没钱没势的普通大众,面对强势的政府和大企业,难免有心无力。我们既不是大企业的总裁,也不是政治领袖,那么小人物到底该怎样尽一己之力呢?
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1707566311 事实上,我们能采取的有效行动有六种。不过我们要注意个体只靠一次行动或是短短三个星期的时间是改变不了什么的。如果你想改变这个社会,就必须投入毕生的精力。
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