1700075490

1700075491 Between Hirschberg and the Riesengebirge, near Arnsdorf, there are also the remains of such a stone watchtower on a hill from which one can observe the various crossings over the mountain. It perhaps stems from the period of the Hussites.

1700075492

1700075493 5.Mommsen, Römische Geschichte 5：108，note, estimates the auxiliaries of the upper German army in the period of Domitian and Traan at some 10，000 men. The Raetian limes was considerably shorter and more weakly occupied than the upper German limes. The Raetian troops, who, according to Mommsen 5：143，were at the most 10，000 strong, also had to garrison the Danube line from Ratisbon to Passau. For this reason. Mommsen believes that the forts were probably only very weakly garrisoned in times of peace. Nevertheless, they still had to be able to defend themselves against a sudden attack and to send troops in pursuit of strong robber bands. According to Mommsen, the lower Germanic auxiliaries were perhaps even less numerous than those in upper Germany.

1700075494

1700075495 8　古罗马帝国的军队建制与军人生活

1700075496

1700075497 1.Eclog.1.71.

1700075498

1700075499 2.W.Bahr, De centurionibus legionariis（on the Centurions of the Legions），Berlin dissertation，1900，p.45f.

1700075500

1700075501 3.Bang, The Germans in the Roman Service（Die Germanen im römischen Dienst），p.78.

1700075502

1700075503 4.This is a very significant piece of new knowledge which we owe to Domaszewski’s careful study of inscriptions, The Hierarchy of the Roman Army（Die Rangordnung des römischen Heeres），1908.

1700075504

1700075505 5.This results from the very nature of the situation and is also evident from a citation in Hyginus, de mun.，Chapter 42，which I find on page 60 in Domaszewski’s Hierarchy. It was probably the same as in the present-day Austrian army（before 1918），where the regiments, in addition to their German army language, had their own national regimental language. As the Romanization of the provinces progressed, the national character of the cohorts gradually faded out. It may also have happened that cohorts stationed very far from their home area received other replacements and changed their character as a result. We must agree with Mommsen.when he emphasizes in Hermes 19：211，that the national character of the cohorts can be concluded from their designations with certainty only at the time of their creation.

1700075506

1700075507 6.Seeck. History of the Fall of the Ancient World（Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt）1：390，534.

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1700075509 7.Marquardt, Roman Political Administration（Römische Staatsverwaltung）2.542，2d ed.

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1700075511 8.In the year 367，cod. Theodosianus. Cited in Marquardt. In Germany.it was not until 1893 that the minimum height was lowered to 1.54 meters. In 1870.the following regulation was still in force: “The smallest height is 1.57 meters, but men under 1.62 may be selected only if they have a particularly strong body frame and if the yearly replacement figure cannot be met without resorting to this expedient.”The smallest height for the Guard is 1.70 Meters.

1700075512

1700075513 In France. Napoleon set the height at 1.59 meters in 1801，but then he lowered it to 1.54 in 1804. In 1818，it was raised again to 1.57，and in 1872，after some variations, it was lowered again to 1.54. The Roman foot was 0.296 meters and was consequently shorter than the old Prussian one, which was 0.314.

1700075514

1700075515 9.Suetonius, Nero 19.

1700075516

1700075517 10.Schulten，“The Domain of the Legion”（“Das Territorium legionis”）. Hermes 29：481.

1700075518

1700075519 11.Cicero, Acad.2.1.2.

1700075520

1700075521 12.Sallustus, Bell. Jug.85.12.

1700075522

1700075523 13.The matter is perhaps somewhat more complicated. The references to the promotion of the centurions are not easy to understand. One theory after another has been advanced on this subject, but no solution has been found that clarifies the whole situation. Theodore Wegeleben’s study，“The Hierarchy of the Roman Centurions”（“Die Rangordnung der römischen Centurionen”），Berlin dissertation，1913，Ad. Weber, publisher, has superseded Domaszewski’s study, to be sure, and has thrown some light on the subject through its comprehensive comparison of the inscriptions, but some points have still remained doubtful. Wegeleben’s conclusion is that the centurions were of equal rank among themselves, with the exception of the six centurions of the first cohort, of whom the three highest ones, of the primus pilus, of the princeps, and of the hastatus, stood so high that they were no longer referred to as centutions at all. This higher position in the first cohort was not just a position of honor. It was also based on the practical organization, since this cohort was 1，000 men strong, while all the other cohorts had about 480 men（Wegeleben, p.37）. We are not told how that was balanced off in the formation of the legion. Either the six centurions of the first cohort or the three highest ones were designated as the primi ordines. Also unclear is the meaning of praepositus（see Grosse, Roman Military History[Römische Militärgeschichte]，p.143）. The remark in Wegeleben, p.60，concerning the receipt of commands is probably not correct; it is contradicted by Polybius 2.34.

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1700075525 14. We have just recently been enlightened on the situation of the principales by the work of A.von Domaszewski, which is as thoroughas it is valuable. The Hierarchy of the Roman Army（Die Rangord-nung des römischen Heeres），1908.

1700075526

1700075527 Vegetius 2. 7，speaking of the responsibilities, says: “Campigeni, hocest antesignani, ideo sic nominate, quia eorum opere atque virtute exercitii genus crescit in campo.”（“The campigeni, that is antesignani, were so named because the kind of training in the field depended on their hard work and ability.”）I have not found an explanation of this passagein Domaszewski.

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1700075529 15.The history of the Roman military pay was first set forth in Domaszewski’s essay，”The Military Pay of the Imperial Period”（“Der Truppensold der Kaiserzeit”），Neue Heidelberger Jahrbücher, Vol.10，1900. But Domaszewski, in judging the pay increases in the imperial period, failed to take into account the simultaneous debasement of the money. Consequently, he exaggerated the significance of the numerical increase. I consider it impossible that on the occasions of donatives the centurions were excluded and only the soldiers benefited, as Domaszewski believes, p.231，note 2. In that case, depending on the amount of the donative（under Marcus Aurelius it was once 5，000 denarii for the Praetorians, or five times their annual pay），the privates would often have been better off than the officers.

1700075530

1700075531 16.P.Steiner，“The Military Decorations”（“Die dona militaria”），Bonner Jahrbücher 114：1 f.

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1700075533 17.In Polybius’camp description, there is no mention of a hospital, whereas there is in Hyginus. See W. Haberrling, The Ancient Roman Military Doctors（Die altrömischen Militärärzte），Berlin.1910.

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1700075535 18.Premerstein，“The Bookkeeping of an Egyptian Legionary Unit”（“Die Buchfuhrung einer ägyptischen Legionsabteilung”）. Klio, Vol. III.

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1700075537 19.This is reported by Polybius 14.3.6. We may assume that the Romans also retained this custom in later periods.

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1700075539 20.Tertullian says: “Religio Romanorum tota castrensis signa veneratur signa jurat.signa omnibus deis proponit.”（“The religion of the Romans was completely military. It venerated the standards, swore by the standards, and preferred the standards to all the gods.”）Cited in Harnack, Christian Armies（Militia Christi），p.V.

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