1700075440

1700075441 4.Strabo 7.1.3. Velleius 2.121.

1700075442

1700075443 5.Tacitus, Hist.5.22.

1700075444

1700075445 6.Florus 4.12：“Praeterea in tutelam provinciarum praesidia atque custodias ubique disposuit, per Mosam flumen, per Albim, per Visurgim. Nam per Rheni quidem ripam quinquaginta amplius castella direxit.”（“Moreover, for the protection of the provinces he stationed garrisons and guardhouses everywhere along the Meuse, Elbe, and Weser rivers. In fact, along the bank of the Rhine he erected more than fifty forts.”）Instead of “Mosam，” Asbach（Bonner Jahrbücher 85[1888]：28），probably justifiably, would read “Amisiam.” See also in this connection Tacitus, Annals 1.38.

1700075446

1700075447 7.It is therefore an erroneous expression when Köpp. The Romans in Germany（Die Römer in Deutschland），p.22，explains that Drusus’dvance to the Elbe was only an “isolated, temporary move forward.”

1700075448

1700075449 4　条顿堡森林会战

1700075450

1700075451 1.The fact that the road ran over the hill and not along the valley seems curious to us today, but that was almost the general rule with theroads of antiquity. The Roman milestones in the area of the Rhine that have remained until the present day date back only to the time of Trajan.

1700075452

1700075453 2.Frontinus, Strategem.2.9.4.

1700075454

1700075455 3.It is appropriate that the citations in Frontinus, Strategem.3.15.4 and 4.7.8. Velleius 2.120.and Dio Cassius’ reference to the effect that only one Roman fort had held out have been combined. In this connection, see below, the special study on the location of Aliso following Chapter VI.

1700075456

1700075457 4.Schuchhardt，“Roman-Germanic Research in Northwest Germany”（“Römisch-Germanische Forschung in Nordwestdeutschland”），extract from Neue Jahrbücher für das klassische Altertum（1900），p.29.

1700075458

1700075459 5　日尔曼尼库斯与阿米尼乌斯

1700075460

1700075461 1.Müllenhoff, in Germania, pp.436 and 545，has sought explanations for such an apparently incredible error and has made various suggestions: nonetheless, he finally arrives at the conclusion that Tacitus had erroneous geographical concepts. Bremer’s attempt in his “Ethnography of the Germanic Tribes”（“Ethnographie der germanischen Stämme”），Pauls Grundriss, to bring order to this confusion by shifting the peoples has also failed to have any satisfying result.

1700075462

1700075463 2.See in the last chapter of this volume “Provisions and Train.”

1700075464

1700075465 3.Knoke has already correctly explained the sequence of events in this manner.

1700075466

1700075467 4.General F. Wolf, in The Feat of Arminius（Die That des Arminius），has determined that the region of Iburg corresponds in every respect to Tacitus’description. Caecina would then have split off from Germanicus near Osterkappeln or Bramsche.

1700075468

1700075469 6　战争的高潮与结束

1700075470

1700075471 1.Tacitus 2.6，recounts the fact that unusually shallow-bottomed vessels were also built as if that was done in consideration of the tides. This can probably be more correctly considered, as Knoke does, as referring to the ships that were to be able to navigate as far as possible up the rivers.

1700075472

1700075473 2.It would not be impossible to explain the return march of one part of the army as serving Germanicus as a covering force, since he had personally come with his legions to Aliso, where he reconstructed an old altar that had once been erected in honor of his father and had dedicated it with a festival. In such cases.however, a cavalry unit, which can move quickly, is no doubt a better covering force than the slow-moving legions. Furthermore, it still seems more likely that the six legions were left at Aliso and two were moved by sea.

1700075474

1700075475 3.This is the sense of the words “cuncta inter castellum Alisonem ac Rhenum novis limitibus aggeribusque permunita”（“The whole area between the fort Aliso and the Rhine was completely built up with new roads and embankments.”）In this connection, see paragraph 3 of the Excursus.

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1700075477 4.This is effectively proved by Paul Höfer in Germanicus’Campaign of 16 A.D.（Der Feldzug des Germanicus im Jahre 16），1885.

1700075478

1700075479 5.Paul Höfer, Germanicus’Campaign of 16 A.D.

1700075480

1700075481 7　古罗马与日耳曼的僵持局面

1700075482

1700075483 1.In my opinion.Tacitus, Annals 11.19，stands in contradiction to the indications that the Wetterau was not given up in 16 A.D. either, but, even if at first it was still without a Roman settlement, it remained a Roman occupation area. Tacitus says of Claudius: “adeo novam in Germanias vim prohibuit, ut referri praesidia cis Rhenum juberet.”（“He so strongly forbade a new campaign in the Germanies that he ordered the garrisons to be withdrawn to the near side of the Rhine.”）A possible explanation for this statement is that it refers only to lower Germany. This explanation is not acceptable, however, and all the less so when Germania, Chapter 29，“protalit magnitudo populi Romani ultra Rhenum ultraque veteres terminos imperii reverentiam”（“The greatness of the Roman people expanded the respect of the empire beyond the Rhine and beyond the old borders”）stands in opposition to it, and also when Seneca says: “Rhenus Germaniae modum faciat.”（“The Rhine should mark the border of Germany.”）Germanicus fought against the Chatti not only in lower Germany but also right here in the Wetterau. See Herzog, Bonner Jahrbücher，105（1901），p.67. I do not venture to decide how this contradiction is to be clarified.

1700075484

1700075485 2.At any rate, this is claimed by General Schröder, Preussische Jahrbücher 69：511. But I have never found this point confirmed.

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1700075487 3.Preussische Jahrbücher 69：514.

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1700075489 4.A quite similar system of watchtowers along the borders and of signaling by fires is to be found with the Swiss up to the eighteenth century. A very interesting account of this system, based on documents and topographical research, is to be found in E. Lüthi, The Bern Chuzen or High Watchtowers in the Seventeenth Century（Die bernischen Chuzen oder Hochwachten im 17. Jahrhundert），3d ed.，Bern，1905，A. Francke. When the Freiburgers made a pillaging incursion into the Bern area in 1448，that was reported to the capital by the high watchtower on the Guggershorn. The Bern territorial guard assembled at once but did not move directly against the Freiburgers. Instead, they blocked their retreat, defeated them, and took away their booty.

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