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30.compares, actually “comrades.”The legion in Lambaesis had the name III Augusta. There were also two more legions that had the number “three”: the III Gallica and the III Cyrenaica. Consequently, men had been transferred to one of these two units.
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31.I choose this expression because these three classes formed one stratum.
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32.I choose this expression by way of analogy with our divisional cavalry. Each cohort of auxiliary troops was permanently assigned a small cavalry detachment.
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33.“frequens dextrator” has been explained in the most varied ways, and I will not claim that my translation is beyond doubt the right one. It fits the sense and the context with respect to the previously stated number of skirmishing sharpshooters and the later closed attack.“dextratio” means the movement of going around from right to left. Thus, the word dextrator, which does not appear anywhere else in the sources, may well have been used for a specific turning movement on parade.
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9 军事理论
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1.In connection with this chapter, I again refer the reader to the basic facts in the introduction to Köchly and Rüstow’s Greek Military Authors（Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller），Part II, and particularly to Jähns’History of the Military Sciences（Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften），Vol. I, from which I have taken several citations.
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2.Köchly and Rüstow, Greek Military Authors, Part II, second section, p.213.
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3.It is also unnecessary for us to go into purely theoretical suggestions, even if they should have led to important experiments, such as Rüstow treats in his History of the Infantry（Geschichte der Infanterie）1：54，since no positive result came from them.
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4.Johann Gustav Foerster, De fide Fl. Vegetii Renati, Bonn dissertation.1879，shows Vegetius’inextricable confusion in many places.
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5.As a supplement to the translation in Greek Military Authors by Köchly and Rüstow，1：201.
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10 古罗马军事体系的衰落与解体
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1.For example—and certainly correctly—L. Schmidt in Hermes 34：135，on the war with the Marcomanni.
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2.Dessau，“The Source of Officers and Officials of the Roman Empire During the First Two Centuries of Its Existence”（“Die Herkunft der Offiziere und Beamten des Römischen Kaiserreichs, während der ersten zwei Jahrhunderte seines Bestehens”），Hermes 45（1910）.
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3.Tacitus, Annals 3.40.
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4.Tacitus, Annals 3.53.
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5.Nissen，“The Trade Between China and the Roman Empire”（“Der Verkehr zwischen China und dem römischen Reich”）. Bonner Jahrbücher, Vol.95.
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6.Mitteis, in his “Studies on the Ancient Banking System Based on Papyrus Finds”（“Untersuchung über das antike Bankwesen auf Grund der Papyrusfunde”），Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte, Römische Abteilung, Vol.19，establishes the fact that indications of a specific exchange of checks, which would, of course, be a very important point, are very weak.
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7.According to B. Pick in the Handwörterbuch der Staatsw-issenschaften 5：918，2d edition.
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8.Mommsen, Roman Monetary System（Römisches Münzwesen），pp.755，777.
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9.Based on an inscription found recently in Africa, an attempt has been made to clarify this with reductions of the army strength and the pay. Domaszewski, Rheinisches Museum 58：383. Mamea lowered the strength as well as the pay of the principales, but, of course.this action did not go far toward solving the matter. The soldiers and their good will were only too strongly needed both within the empire and beyond it.
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10.To be sure, the gold coins were reduced in weight but not in the me way the silver coins were alloyed. From this point, too, we may conclude that there was practically no more circulation of gold coins; otherwise, they would certainly not have passed up the convenient solution of using alloys in these coins as well. A shortage of gold is referred to directly in a source document, vita Aureliani，46，cited by Mommsen in Geschichte des römischen Münzwesens, p.832.
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11.In accordance with the verbatim text, the passage in Scrpt. Hist. Aug. Vita Alexandri（Writers of the Augustan History, Life of Alexander），Chapter 39，must be understood as meaning that the taxwas reduced to one-thirtieth. But the correction and interpretation proposed by Rodbertus, according to which it was one-thirtieth of the value of the cadaster, whereas previously one-tenth was required at least has the advantage of providing something possible and credible from a practical viewpoint. See M. Weber, Römische Agrargeschichte, P.194.
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12.Seeck, Preussische Jahrbücher 56：279.
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13.On 1 October 205，the soldier C. Julius Catullinus, of the Foutteenth Legion, dedicated an altar to Jupiter, and on it he referred to himself as “conductor prati Furiani lustro Nert. Celerini primi pili”（“tenant of the field of Furianus Nert. Celerinus, primus pilus.for a five-year period”）. This inscription was found on the Schaflerhof, south of Petronell, near Vienna, and was published in the Berichte d. Ver. Carunum in Wien, für das Jahr 1899，p.141. According to this, then, ground belonging to the legion（pratum）was regularly leased out to the soldiers. In various other places, inscriptions from the same period that also contain the word lustra（periods of five years）have been found. The editor, Bormann, has already related this, and certainly correctly so, to the permission that Septimius Severus gave the soldiers to live with their wives.
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In the Militärdiplom, No.90，C.I.L. III, supplement, p.2001.the text apparently speaks of the sons of “milites castellani”（“soldiers of a fort”）（only the letters … lani remain）. Since it is a question only of the sons of centurions and decurions, Seeck（in Paulys Realenzyclopädie, under castellum; castellani）believes that this refers to a special type of soldier higher in grade than the privates. I prefer to reconcile the inscription with the context indicated above. Mommsen places it between the years 216 and 247.
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