1700079611
1700079612
12.Pollock and Maitland, p.234.
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1700079614
13.Stubbs, Constitutional History，1：590.
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1700079616
14.Gneist, Englische Verfassungsgeschichte, p.289，note（according to a manuscript in the Cotton Library）.
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1700079618
15.Pollock and Maitland，2：252.
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1700079620
16.Pollock and Maitland，1：246.
1700079621
1700079622
17.The shift from personal service to money payments was, as Pol-lock and Maitland，1：255，suppose, the origin of the otherwise inexplicable reduction of the roster. In 1277，the clergy, who had had to provide 784 knights in 1166，acknowledged having hardly 100. The great earls did likewise. But the compensation for the individual knights was increased correspondingly.Morris, of course, explains this reduction differently in The Welsh Wars of King Edward I. On p.45 f.，he states that the reduction in the number of those to be provided was compensation for the extension of the period of service by several times the usual forty-day standard.
1700079623
1700079624
18.Cunningham, The Growth of English Industry and Commerce，3d ed.，1：196.
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1700079626
19.In 1294，the clergy provided one-half, the earls, barons, and knights one-tenth, and the cities one-sixth.
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1700079628
In 1295，the clergy provided one-tenth, the nobles one-eleventh, and the cities one-seventh.
1700079629
1700079630
In 1307，one-fifteenth was provided; that amounted to 40，000 pounds for all of England.
1700079631
1700079632
20.Stubbs, Select Charters, p.255（from Roger of Hoveden）.
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1700079634
21.Constitutional History of England，1：573.
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1700079636
6意大利的诺曼人国家
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1700079638
1.Lupus Protospatharius, Mon. Germ. SS.，5.52，gives the strength for Olivento as 3，000. Gaufredus Malaterra, in his History of Sicily（Geschichte Siciliens），Muratori, SS.，5.533 ff.，gives 500. William of Apulia, in his epic poem which he dedicated to Robert Guiscard’s son（Mon. Germ. SS.，9-239 ff.），gives the number as 1，200. The reported strength for the battle of Cannae is given in the Annals of Barri, Mon. Germ.，5.51 ff. All these points are taken from von Heinemann, History of the Normans in Lower Italy（Geschichte der Normannen in Unteritalien），p.359.
1700079639
1700079640
2.von Heinemann, History of the Normans, p.113.
1700079641
1700079642
3.von Heinemann, p.207.
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1700079644
4.von Heinemann, p.311.
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1700079646
5.von Heinemann, p.325.
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1700079648
6.von Heinemann, pp.330，333.
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1700079650
7.Ryccardus de San Germano, M.G. SS.，19.369，anno 1233. P.376：“vocat ad se … omnes barones et milites infeudatos”（“he calls to himself … all barons and enfeoffed knights”）.
1700079651
1700079652
8.Ryccardus de San Germano, M.G. SS.，19.348: “statuens ut singuli feudatarii darent de unoquoque feudo octo uncias auri et de singulis octo feudis militem unum in proximo futuro mense Maii”（“decreeing that all vassals should give from each fief 8 ounces of gold and from every eight fiefs one knight in the next month of May”）.
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1700079654
7 拜占庭
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1.We would be able to state this characteristic definitely if the Strategikon that has been passed down under his name was actually written by him. However, this is very doubtful. See pp.193，198，below.
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1700079658
2.Zachariä von Lingenthal, History of Greco-Roman Law（Geschichte des griechisch-römischen Rechts），3d ed.，p.271，para.63.
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1700079660
3.Les exploits de Digénis Akritas. Epopée byzantine du Xieme siècle, publiée par G. Sathas et E. Legrand. Paris，1875.
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