1700079661
1700079662
4.Zachariä von Lingenthal, Geschichte des griechisch-römischen Rechts，3d ed.，p.265.
1700079663
1700079664
5.Carl Neumann, World Position of the Byzantine Empire（Welts-tellung des byzantinischen Reichs），p.58.
1700079665
1700079666
6.Zachariä von Lingenthal, p.273，Note 916.
1700079667
1700079668
7.Zachariä von Lingenthal, p.273. Neumann, p.56，states that the threefold increase can be explained by the increased requirement for military preparations and performance. But such an increase can hardly have taken place; for a long time already, military service had meant service on horseback. But Neumann immediately adds that the increase indicated the intention of giving up the restoration of small landholdings as unsuccessful and unnecessary. This may well be correct.
1700079669
1700079670
8.Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio（On Ruling the Empire），Chap.5 2. Joh. Meursii opera（Works of John Meursius），6：1110. For other evidence, see Carl Neumann, Die Weltstellung des byzantinischen Reiches vor den Kreuzzügen，1894，pp.68 and 69-Note, for example, from Constantine IX: “He paid large fees for soldiers.”* Cedrenus，2：608.
1700079671
1700079672
9.Excerpta Johannis Scylitzae Curopalatae（Excerpts of John Scylitzes Curopalates），SS. Byzantini（Bonn）. Cedrenus，2：662.
1700079673
1700079674
10.“Inexperienced in war, without horses, almost without arms and naked, and not even having daily supplies, they underwent many desperate straits and returned to their own land without glory.”*
1700079675
1700079676
11.Neumann, pp.60，68. Gustave Schlumberger, Nicéphore Phocas, Paris，1890，pp.532-533. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, p.985.
1700079677
1700079678
12.Neumann, p.67，presumes that the west, more thickly inhabited by barbarians, lagged behind the east culturally and was therefore incapable of paying taxes in currency.
1700079679
1700079680
13.Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：170.
1700079681
1700079682
14.Book IV, Chap.4，Ed. Bonn, p.134.
1700079683
1700079684
15.Taken from the listing in Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs，1：552，674，which includes, however, a few cases that are not completely confirmed.
1700079685
1700079686
8 阿拉伯人
1700079687
1700079688
1.In the Cultural History of the Orient under the Caliphs（Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen），by Alfred von Kremer（Vienna，1875），there is a chapter on the military system（pp.203-255）in which the source reports are assembled quite completely but without analysis and without any military-objective understanding. I have not drawn anything from this work.
1700079689
1700079690
2.August Müller, Geschichte des Islam，1：31.
1700079691
1700079692
3.Wellhausen，“Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam，”Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Phil. Hist. Kl.，New Series，5.2.10.
1700079693
1700079694
4.Edited and translated by F. Wüstenfeld in the Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Vol.26（1880）. This work consists in part of a translation and revision of Aelian’s Tactics and must therefore, of course, be used with caution.
1700079695
1700079696
5.Müller，1：164.
1700079697
1700079698
6.Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen，1：30.
1700079699
1700079700
7.Weil，1：60.
1700079701
1700079702
8.Müller, p.238.
1700079703
1700079704
9.Müller, p.243.
1700079705
1700079706
10.Müller，1：252，note.
1700079707
1700079708
11.Müller，1：222.
1700079709
1700079710
12.Of course, not in one move. The events took place in the following sequence: in 641 the Arabs conquered Egypt; in 643 or 644 they took Tripoli. In 648-649 Moawija, as governor of Syria, built a fleet. The governor of Egypt did likewise. In 647-648 the latter, with 20，000 men, conquered Carthage but then left the country again. In the following decades, frequent raids were made from Tripoli into Tunis. In 683 the Arabs suffered a defeat, lost Tripoli, and were thrown back to Barca. In 696 Hassan arrived with 40，000 men and stormed Carthage. After a few reverses, when a Greek fleet was in action, the subjugation of the entire area up to the ocean was completed between 706 and 709. The Berbers joined Islam.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.700079661e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]