1700079790 27.Zallinger, Ministeriales und Milites, p.4：“The expression miles is used in the original sources in the most varied senses and serves alternatively in the course of time as the normal indication of individual knightly classes, according to whether the importance of the knightly way of life or of knightly birth might appear as particularly characteristic or determining for a class. Thus, it is frequently found in an earlier period with the sense of a free vassal, whereas later it is used predominantly for the unfree knight. Furthermore, by miles is meant particularly the man who has already been knighted, in contrast to the squire who is simply of knightly birth.”

1700079791

1700079792 Waitz，5：436，gives a series of citations from which it can be concluded that in the older period the ministeriales and the unfree warriors in general, as well as the free ones, were designated as milites. He then continues: “The royal chancellery distinguishes between miles and serviens，” but he does not touch on the decisive question as to how long this distinction had been in effect, whether any contrary examples are to be found, and on how broad a basis or how long this usage was also observed in the chronicles.

1700079793

1700079794 Köhler, Vol.I, Section IX, claims that in Spain and Italy the light horsemen also were called milites over an extended period, whereas in France and Germany from the twelfth century on the expression miles had the exclusive meaning of knight.

1700079795

1700079796 Fulcher, Historia Hierosolymitana（History of the Jerusalem Campaign），2：31（Mignet. 155，p.886），recounts concerning the battle of Ramleh: “Milites nostri erant quingenti exceptis illis qui militari nomine non censebantur tamen equitantes. Pedites vero nostri non amplius quam duo milia aestimabantur.”（“Our knights were 500，except those who were not counted of knightly rank but ride horses. Our foot in fact was estimated at not more than 2，000.”）

1700079797

1700079798 Frederick II had promised the pope to maintain 1，000 milites in Palestine for two years at his own expense, and he sent Hermann von Salza, the grand master, to Germany to recruit them. In his letter of 6 December 1227 appears: “Misimus magistrum domus Theutonicorum pro militibus solidandis, sed in optione sua potentem, viros eligere strenuous et pro meritis personarum ad suam prudentiam stipendia polliceri.”（“We sent the master of the house of the Germans to hire knights, but having the power in his choice to select strong men and to promise pay at his discretion according to the merits of the individuals”）It is difficult to imagine that Hermann, in carrying out this mission, limited himself strictly to men who had already been knighted or that he knighted the recruits who had not yet been so elevated. Rather, it must be assumed that he took, even for heavy mounted service, qualified soldiers. The word miles, therefore, is not to be taken here in its strictest sense.

1700079799

1700079800 28.The quotations are in Waitz，5：400，Note 5.

1700079801

1700079802 Guilhiermoz, p. 429，Note 41 says: “We know that in the Merovingian and Carolingian periods the high officers of the palace, including those who had the most unwarlike responsibilities, were given military commands in time of war，” and he presents evidence thereof. It is more correct to express this idea, as we have done, in the opposite way: not that possessors of peacetime positions received military command positions, but that warriors were placed even in the most peace-oriented posts, except those held by ecclesiastics.

1700079803

1700079804 29.Gustav Roethe, German Heroes（Deutsches Heldentum），address given in Berlin，1906. G. Schade, publisher.

1700079805

1700079806 30.Köhler，3.2.123，seems to me to present this correctly.

1700079807

1700079808 31.Köhler，3：91，speaks of an order of Louis IX prohibiting the squire（écuyer）from wearing body armor, hood, or arm bands. For this point, he relies on Daniel, Milice française，1：394，where nothing of this sort is to be found. It appears that he meant the passage in Vol.I, p.286，where Daniel, on the basis of a treatment by Ducange, cites a ceremonial tourney from the period of Louis IX, wherein the squires were supposed to wear no trousers of mail, no covering of mail over the bacinet, and no “bracheres”（I believe that by this word he means brassards or sleeves of mail.）—Consequently, this has to do only with tournaments. In war, the idea of decreasing artificially the effectiveness of the armor because of class jealousy would simply appear to be too absurd.

1700079809

1700079810 Köhler，3.2.67，is also in error when he concludes（citing Niedner and Alwin Schulz），from the Partenopter of Konrad of Würzburg, v.5225 ff.，that the squire was not allowed to wear the sword on a sword belt, but like a merchant on his saddle, since his lady had begged him not to buckle it on: “ê sie, daz viel reine wîp ze ritter in gemachete”（“before she, the very pure lady, made him a knight”）.

1700079811

1700079812 32.Chronicon Hanoniese（Chronicle of Hainaut），M.G.，21.552，says of a count of Hainaut that he joined the king of France “cum 110 militibus electis et 80 servientibus equitibus loricatis in propriis expensis venit et ibi et in reditu in propriis expensis semper fuit.”（“He came there with 110 selected knights and eighty sergeants as armored horsemen at his own expense and on his return it was always at his own expense.”）

1700079813

1700079814 Köhler’s citation，3.2.39，from Gislebert SS.，21.520 is incorrect. The same Gislebert reports on p.522 that Baldwin of Hainaut in 1172 came to the assistance of his uncle Henry of Luxembourg “in 340 militibus et totidem servientibus lauricatis et 1，500 clientibus peditibus electis”（“in 340 knights and just as many armored sergeants and 1，500 selected men-at-arms on foot”）.

1700079815

1700079816 33.We even find cases where men of knightly birth disdained receiving the ceremonial knighting and had to be forced to it by their lords. Count Baldwin of Flanders announced in 1200 that the son of a knight who had not become a knight by age twenty-five was to be regarded as a peasant. In France, in 1293，it was required, under penalty of punishment, by the twenty-fourth year of those noblemen（“nobiles saltern ex parte patris”：“nobles at least on their father’s side”）who had 200 pounds of income from their property，160 of it as inheritance. Guilhiermoz, pp.231，477. In Zurich this was required by the thirtieth year. Cited in Köhler，3.2.65. In the thirteenth century, the English kings made a fiscal measure of it.

1700079817

1700079818 34.Köhler，3.2.6 and 3.2.135，claims that the city knights did not count in the warrior class because they did not belong to a vassal group, were not vassals or ministeriales. That is conceptually false; one can be a warrior without being an enfeoffed vassal.

1700079819

1700079820 35.Roth, Ritterwürde, p.197. Strangely enough, the raising to the nobility did not come about in France until the end of the thirteenth century. In 1271 Philip III raised a goldsmith to the nobility. Warnkönig and Stein, French Political and Legal History（Französische Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte），1：250. Daniel, Milice franchise，1：74.

1700079821

1700079822 36.The last quotations are from von Wedel, Germany’s Knighthood（Deutschlands Ritterschaft）.

1700079823

1700079824 37.Otto von Freisingen, Deeds of Frederick II（Taten Friedrichs II.），Chap.18：“At ille, cum se plebejum diceret, in eodemque ordine velle remanere, sufficere sibi conditionem suam.”（“But he, since he said he was a commoner and wanted to remain in the same rank, and his own class was enough for him …”）In the Ligurinus，2.580，the story is recounted in the following way:

1700079825

1700079826 Strator erat de plebe quidem nec nomine multum

1700079827

1700079828 Vulgato, modica in castris mercede merebat.

1700079829

1700079830 （There was a common groom, to be sure not a man of well-known name, And he worked for small wages in the castle.）

1700079831

1700079832 Frederick wants to give him（v. 610）

1700079833

1700079834 titulos et nomen equestre

1700079835

1700079836 Armaque, cornipedesque feros, cultusque nitentes.

1700079837

1700079838 （titles and knightly name And arms, wild horses, and beautiful clothes.）

1700079839

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