1700079740 7.Gesta Cons. Andegavensium, ed. Bouquet, Recueil，10：254. It is recounted that the inhabitants of a castle under attack “cingulis militaribus accincti armisque protecti ad pugnam se more militum castrensium paraverunt”（“girded with military belts and protected by arms, they prepared themselves for battle like the knights of a castle”）and made a sortie. The knight’s belt plays a role in this incident, in that it creates the deceptive appearance that knights are coming and attacking.

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1700079742 The purple or scarlet cloak which is often mentioned（Abbo repeatedly; Ruotger, vita Brunonis, Chap. 30，vita Heinrici IV, Chap.8; Chronicle of Monte Casino for the Year 1137）I am not willing to count, as does Baltzer, p.5，as a specific part of the knightly garb, since it is expressly stated that, when the knights are too poor, they must be satisfied with the cloak in its natural color.（Vita Heinrici IV, Chap 8.）We also read（Guiart，2.698 cited in Alwin Schultz，2：313，Note 3）that the knights on taking the cross, renounce any elegance in their clothing and put on simple, dark garments. They were not willing, however, to lay aside a symbol of their rank, but only the elegant attire.

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1700079744 8.At any rate, that is what one finds often recounted in modern works, although I have not been able to find the original source therefor, and in works on legal history nothing on such an order is to be found, no more so than in the special works on Louis VI. Daniel, History of the French Militia（Histoire de la Milice Française），1724. Boutaric, French Military Institutions（Institutions militaires de la France），1863. Boutaric, The Feudal System. Review of historic questions（Le regime féodal. Revue des questions historiques），Vol.XVIII，1875. Glasson, History of the Law and Institutions of France（Histoire du droit et des institutions de la France），1891. A. Luchaire, Manual of French Institutions, period of the direct line of Capetians（Manuel des institutions franchises, période des Capétiens directs），1892. Luchaire, History of the Monarchical Institutions of France（Histoire des institutions monarchiques de la France），Tome III（also under the title Studies on the Acts of Louis VII[Etudes sur les actes de Louis VII]，1885）. Luchaire, Louis VI, Annales de sa vie，1890.

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1700079746 9.“De filiis quoque sacerdotum dyaconorum ac rusticorum statuimus, ne cingulum militare aliquatenus assumat, et qui jam assumserunt, per judicem provintiae a militia pellantur.”（“We also decree concerning the sons of priests, deacons, and peasants that they should not assume the knightly belt to any extent, and those who have already assumed it should be banished from military service by the judge of the province.”）LL，2. 185.

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1700079748 In the dispensation statement under Frederick II, we read: “nostris constitutionibus caveatur, quod milites fieri nequeant, qui de genere militari non nascuntur.”（“Let it be decreed by our ordinances that those who are not born of a knightly family should not be able to become knights.”）

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1700079750 10.Gesta Friderici II，13：“inferioris conditionis juvenes, vel quoslibet contemptibilium etiam mechanicarum artium opifices, quos caeterae gentes ab honestioribus et liberioribus studiis tanquam pestem propellunt, ad militiae cingulum vel dignitatum gradus assumere non dedignantur.”（“They do not think that young men of the lower class and craftsmen of the contemptible, even mechanical arts, whom other nations banish like the plague from the more honorable and freer pursuits, are worthy to assume the belt of military service and the ranks of offices.”）

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1700079752 According to Daniel, De la Milice Française, p.33，in the Ligurinus, Gunther, on the other hand, has the emperor act in this way: “Utque suis omnem depellere finibus hostem posset（possit），et armorum patriam virtute tueri Quoslibet ex humili vulgo, quod Gallia foedum Judicat, accingi gladio concedit equestri.”（“And so that he might be able to repel all of the enemy from his territory and to guard the country by strength of arms, he granted that all of the low populace, which France judges hideous, to be girded with a knight’s sword.”）

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1700079754 Had the Ligurinus itself not been preserved, this passage would appear completely puzzling to us—and so it should serve us（especially old historians and classical philologists）as a warning as to how seriously and how easily one can be led into error by a second-hand source. Daniel, for example, whose work in other respects is quite thorough, slipped up for once here and ascribed to the emperor what Gunther actually has the Italians doing（Book II, verse 151 ff.）；here too, then, he simply adheres to his source. The “Gallia” in his verses, in keeping with the well-known linguistic usage of the Middle Ages, includes Germany also.

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1700079756 11.Curzon, Rules of the Templars（La règle du temple），Chaps.337，431，586.

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1700079758 12.Vetus auctor de beneficiis，1.4：“rustici et mercatores et omnes qui non sunt ex homine militari ex parti patris et avi jure careant beneficiali.”（The old author on benefices，1.4：“peasants, merchants, and all who are not the sons of a knight by their father and grandfather should abstain from the beneficial oath.”）

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1700079760 13.Concerning the original meaning, see Waitz，8：117.

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1700079762 14.Schröder, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, p.430，believes the distinction between knights（as a result of the dubbing ceremony）and squires（Knappen）had come into force only since the thirteenth century but had never actually attained a legal significance.

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1700079764 This line of thought is too specifically juridical. The dubbing, as such, did not have, it is true, a directly legal effect, but only as the result of such an act could the distinction become fixed which finally led to the formation of the petty nobility.

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1700079766 15.M.G.LL，2.103.10：“Si miles adversus militem pro pace violate aut aliqua capitali causa duellum committere voluerit, facultas pugnandi ei non concedatur, nisi probare possit, quod antiquitus ipse cum parentibus suis natione legitimus miles existat.”（“If a knight will have wanted to fight a duel against a knight because of a breached peace or any capital offense, the opportunity of fighting should not be granted to him unless he should be able to show that from ancient times he with his parents is by birth a knight of legal status.”）

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1700079768 16.The Bamberg Service Law, at the end of the eleventh century, specifies that a ministerial whom the bishop does not invest with a fief may enter the service of another but may not allow himself to be bound by a fief “cui vult militet, non beneficiarie, sed libere.”（“Let him serve for whom he desires, not as a man enfeoffed but as a freeman.”）Such a provision already indicates an extensive weakening of the concept of the unfree condition.

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1700079770 17.The finer distinctions and developments in the various generations and regions are passed over here. Zallinger, in Ministeriales and Knights（Ministeriales und Milites），1878，believes, for example, he has proven that in the regions under the Bavarian law the ministeriales or serving men（Dienstmannen）had in the thirteenth century assumed a special position clearly above the common milites and no longer regarded the latter as of equal birth. Only the monarchy and the princes were allowed to have such outstanding, though unfree, serving men（Dienstmannen）. This latter group later became completely intermingled with the free nobility in the status of lords or property holders.

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1700079772 18.For example, by Guilhiermoz. Against him, E. Mayer, in Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte, Germanische Abteilung，23（1902）：310. In connection with this controversy, I invite the reader’s attention to Chap.435 of the statutes of the Knights Templars: “One does not ask a knight if he is servant or slave of no man, for since he says that he is a knight by birth, of a legal marriage, if he is truthful, he is by his very nature free.”In Germany this condition could not have been met.

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1700079774 19.Even if it should be correct, as Böheim in Manual of Weapons（Handbuch der Waffenkunde），p.12，claims, that around the year 1400 there took place a lightening of the protective equipment, nevertheless that would only have been a momentary trough in the constantly rising tide. But the fact itself is doubtful and in any case not yet fully established. Böheim himself says shortly thereafter, p.14，that at the start of the fifteenth century the protective arms were strengthened.

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1700079776 20.Baltzer is quite correct about this, on p.52 ff. If in the meantime an enumeration by helmets（galea）also appears, that follows the same direction as the general development but does not directly bring it on. The account mentioned by Baltzer on p.56，to the effect that knights, in order to fight more easily, had taken off their armor, is explained correctly by Köhler as being not for the purpose of fighting but for the pursuit. Even so, I would prefer to regard this account not as a historic fact, but as “trimming.”The first use of “dextrariis coopertis”（“covered war-horses”）was found by Köhler（3.2.44）in the year 1238.

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1700079778 21.Giraldus Cambrensis, Expugnatio Hibernica（The Conquest of Ireland），Opera 5.395.“Cum ilia nimirum armatura multiplici sellisque recurvis et altis difficile descenditur, difficilius ascenditur, difficillime cum opus est pedibus itur.”（“Certainly with that multiple armor and a high curved saddle it was difficult to dismount, more difficult to mount, and most difficult to go on foot when necessary.”）The author died about 1220.

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1700079780 22.Köhler，3.2.81. From the statutes of the knightly orders it is clear that, wherever it is a question of knights with several horses “equitaturis”），this means those horses which the knight himself rides—just as, today, the cavalry officer has several mounts—and not, for example, those horses which he provides for his followers. See Curzon, La règie du temple, Chap.77，p.94. Statutes of the Knights Hospitalers, Chaps.59 and 60；in Prutz, Cultural History of the Crusades（Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzüge），p.601. Statutes of the Teutonic Knights, Perlbach, p.98.

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1700079782 23.Baltzer, p.59. According to Köhler，3.2.77，Viollet-le-Duc is said to have claimed that protective covering was not placed on knights’steeds until the end of the thirteenth century.

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1700079784 24.Waitz，8：123，says correctly: “Of course, there was never a complete lack of foot soldiers, only that they were employed mostly in defensive situations … or in a war where everybody who could bear arms was used, whereas they participated only exceptionally in army expeditions.”

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1700079786 25.Ennen and Eckertz, Sources for the History of the City of Cologne（Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln），4.488.560.

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1700079788 26.Roth, Dignity of the Knight（Ritterwürde），p.98. Suger, too, in the description of the battle of Brémule in 1119，uses the expression that King Henry “milites armatos ut fortius committant, pedites deponit.”（“He placed the foot soldiers in reserve so that the armored knights might engage more bravely.”）The Gesta Francorum（Deeds of the Franks），Chap.6，on the battle of Dorylaeum in 1097：“Pedites prudenter et citius extendunt tentoria, milites eunt viriliter obviam iis.”（“The foot soldiers skillfully and rather quickly cocked their crossbows and the knights courageously attacked them”[the Turks]）. Fulcher, p.393：“milites sciebant effici pedites.”（“The knights knew how to become dismounted combatants”），（1098）. Likewise, in the report on the battle of Ascalon in 1099:“quinque milia militum et quindecim milia peditum”（“5，000 knights and 15，000 foot”）. Gervasius Dorobernesis, Chronica de rebus anglicis（Gervasius of Canterbury, Chronicles of English History）for the year 1138:“milites et pedites”（“knights and foot troops”）. Also Gesta Consulum Andegavensium（Deeds of the Counts of Anjou），Recueil des Histoires des Gaules（Collection of Histories of the Gauls），11.265. Pope Innocent IV to Cardinal Reiner in 1243（Huill. Bréholles，6.131）：“cum pro defensione civitatis militia minus necessaria videatur, pedites autem utiliores esse noscantur.”（“Whereas a band of knights is less necessary for the defense of a city, foot soldiers are known, however, to be more useful.”）

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