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29.Köhler，2：226 and 3：2：253，believes that the formation in line first occurred in the fifteenth century. I see no basis for this assumption. Wherever mixed combat took place, the linear formation must have gained ground. Boutaric, p.297，makes the general statement: “The knights fought‘en haye，’that is to say, in a single line; the squires were drawn up behind them.”
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30.Baltzer, p.106，cites two pieces of evidence for this.
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31.Prutz, Quellenbeiträge, p.29
:“acies … beati Petri a dextris antecedens, cujus juris est antecedere et primum hostes percutere”（“the unit of the blessed Peter going ahead on the right, of whose privilege it is to go first and to strike the enemy first”）.
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32.This valuable observation had already been made by Heermann, p.85，and Köhler has also agreed with him. Nevertheless, the battle finally ended in a serious defeat.
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33.Liudprandus, Antapodosis，2.31.
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34.Gesta Fridertci，1.32.
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35.Köhler，3：1：95，has assembled a few passages, wherever they occur. Edward III of England, especially, formed in 1356 a guard of mounted archers. In the index volume, among the supplements, the author also added another passage from Wigalois. I would also add the treaty of alliance of the Lombards, Murat. Ant.，4.490. But even in England they never became a real arm. In the fifteenth century we do find many archers on horseback, but this was only a means of transportation for them; in battle, they dismounted.
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The Saracens of Frederick II are considered by Köhler to have been exclusively dismounted archers. But it is expressly stated in Annales Parmenses majores（Greater Annals of Parma），SS.，18.673，that in 1248 before Parma the emperor had “balistarii tam equites quam pedites”（“crossbowmen on horseback as well as on foot”）.
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36.Köhler，1：5 and 3：3：355.Up to the tenth century, he says, they had fought in a single echelon, but from the eleventh century on, in three echelons.
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37.Köhler，2：35，assembled a few examples, but they show basically that such combat techniques were used less in actual practice than in the heroic accounts, and they succeeded still less often.
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38.Köhler，1：468，and 2：13.
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39.Köhler，2：42.
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40.Daniel, Histoire de la milice française, p.82.
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41.Only seldom do we find that a king remained behind the front, as, for example, at Ascalon in 1125，cited by Heermann, p.120. Or old King Iagiello of Poland at Tannenberg in 1410.
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42.Viollet-le-Duc, Rational Dictionary of French Furniture from the Carolingian Period to the Renaissance（Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier françµis de l’époque carlovingienne à la renaissance），6：372.
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43.This is how I prefer to translate the Greek expression “sphodrõs kai akataschetõs hõs monotonoi”
:“violent and unstoppable like obstinate men”）.（Tactics, para.87）. See Mauritius, p.269.
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44.Before Ascalon，12 August 1099. Albert of Aachen，6.42，as cited in Röhricht, History of the First Crusade（Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges），p.200，Note 8.
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45.Richer of Sens, M.G. SS.，25.294.
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46.Orderich，12.18：“ferro enim undique vestiti erant et pro timore Dei notitiaque contubernii vicissim sibi parcebant nec tamen occidere fugientes quam comprehendere satagebant.”（“for they had been dressed completely in iron and mutually spared each other according to fear of God and acknowledgment of their brotherhood in arms; they did not endeavor so much to kill those in flight as to capture them.”）
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Giraldus, Opera，5. 396：“ibi capiuntur milites, hie decapitantur; ibi redimuntur, hie perimuntur.”（“There knights are captured, here decapitated; there they are ransomed, here they are killed.”）
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47.See p.221，Note 3，above.
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48.The provisions of the Teutonic order, which followed the pattern of the Knights Templars, state in the “Customs，”Chap.46（Perlbach, p.111），that on the march the knight was to have his squire ride in front of him so that he could keep a close watch on his armor.
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49.The provision in the Teutonic order was quite similar（Perlbach, p.117）
:“Nullus frater insultum faciat, nisi prius vexillum viderit insilisse. Post insultum vexilli quilibet pro viribus corporis et animi, quidquid poterit exercebit et redibit ad vexillum, cum viderit oportunum.”（“No brother should make an attack, unless he will have seen the banner charge first. After the attack of the banner each will employ whatever he can according to the strength of his body and spirit, and he will return to the banner when he will have seen it opportune.”）
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50.Meckel, Tactics，1：50.
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51.“The weakest moment for the cavalry is immediately after carrying out an attack. This pause cannot be eliminated fast enough, and order, calm, and a closed formation cannot be restored quickly enough, in order that a unit be in a position to face any eventuality.”Instructions by Major General Carl von Schmidt, Berlin，1876，p.152.
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