1700080523 9.That the Hussites had already won a great victory over the Germans on 14 June 1420 at the Witkoberg（Ziska Mountain），east of Prague, is but a fable. See Bezold, King Sigismund and the Wars of the Empire against the Hussites（König Sigmund und die Reichskriege gegen die Hussiten），1：41 ff. Loserth, History of the Later Middle Ages（Geschichte des späteren Mittelalters），p.490. This battle may very well be compared with the engagement at Valmy in 1792. They only repulsed an attack by the enemy. But that very success was sufficient and aroused belief in the future. Likewise the victory at Wischerad on 1 November 1420 does not yet show anything of the special Hussite combat methods. Since the German princes had returned home, Sigismund had only his own forces at hand, consisting principally of Moravians. He planned to relieve Wischerad, near Prague, and was definitely counting on a sortie by the garrison. But since the garrison had already agreed to an armistice, it could not act. We may therefore assume that the army of Prague, with its reinforcements from lords and other cities, had a large numerical superiority. Only a small mounted contingent of the Taborites was present.

1700080524

1700080525 10.The Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen，31（1893）: 297，contains the description of the illustration of a Hussite battlewagon in a Munich manuscript by A. Wiedemann. Despite the very definite caption “This is the Hussite wagon fort on which the Hussites fight. It is good and straight，” the illustration does not seem to me to be very reliable.

1700080526

1700080527 The regulation that the wagons were to move in four columns and the two outer columns were somewhat longer than the inner ones, in order to form the forward and rear sides of the camp with the additional wagons, is, after all, only theory, or it refers only to the last formation before the deployment. Entire marches in the prescribed four columns could be carried out in only a very few places on this earth. See Wulf, pp.27，29.he two inner columns formed a small rectangle in the interior, with entry passages.

1700080528

1700080529 According to Wulf’s dissertation, p. 43，in Hungary in 1423 Ziska made a bastion in front of the forward and rear gates of his wagon fort, surrounded them with a trench, and placed muskets in them.

1700080530

1700080531 11.Historia Bohemorum, Chap.40，as cited in Wulf, Dissertation, p.16.

1700080532

1700080533 12.Wulf, Dissertation, p.43；according to Köhler，3：1：303 ff.

1700080534

1700080535 13.As an example of how far an oral legend that is correct in itself can lead astray an author who no longer understands it, let us observe what Ludwig von Eyb has to say about the formation on a ridge. Eyb was a Brandenburg captain and wrote his Kriegsbuch around 1500. In the chapter on the wagon forts, he, too, points out the requirement that they were to deploy on a ridge, but as the reason for this he says that it was to prevent the possibility of their being placed under water.

1700080536

1700080537 14.Wulf, Dissertation, p.53.

1700080538

1700080539 15.Wulf, Preussische Jahrbücher, p.680.

1700080540

1700080541 16.A tabulation by von Wulf of the army strengths shown in the sources is to be found in the Mitteilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen，31：92. Prague，1893.

1700080542

1700080543 17.We owe this knowledge to an excellent treatment by Ernst Kroker，“Saxony and the Hussite Wars”（“Sachsen und die Hussitenkriege”），in the Neues Archiv für sächsische Geschichte，21（1900）：1. The following citations are also taken from this article and the book by Fr.von Bezold, König Sigmund und die Reichskriege gegen die Hussiten（1872-1877）.

1700080544

1700080545 18.Acts of the German Imperial Diet（Deutsche Reichstagsakten），VIII, No.93.

1700080546

1700080547 19.Palacky, Geschichte von Böhmen，3：2：250.

1700080548

1700080549 20.Deutsche Reichstagsakten, VIII, No.94.

1700080550

1700080551 21.Deutsche Reichstagsakten, VIII, No.390.

1700080552

1700080553 22.Bezold，2：78.

1700080554

1700080555 23.Riedel, Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis（Documentary Codex of Brandenburg），4：1：210.

1700080556

1700080557 24.Bezold，2：110.

1700080558

1700080559 25.It is interesting to see from the discussions how confused they were on the decisive numerical relationships. It was proposed that the tenth man, the twentieth, and the thirtieth should be taken, but the men from Ulm thought that even if only one man in 100 was outfitted, that would still result in a large army. In 1428，however, they had planned to outfit every fourth man. Erben，“The Levy of Albrecht V against the Hussites”（“Der Aufgebot Albrechts V.gegen die Hussiten”），Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Instituts，23：264.

1700080560

1700080561 26.Bezold，3：144，assumes a strength of 100，000 men for this army，but without sufficient basis. Kroker did not discuss this campaign.

1700080562

1700080563 27.According to Bezold，2：153.

1700080564

1700080565 28.Sello, Zeitschrift für Preussische Geschichte，19（1882）：614，“The Incursions of the Hussites into the March Brandenburg”（“Die Einfälle der Hussiten in die Mark Brandenburg”）.An excellent article, which is also worth reading for all those who would like to know to what extent a patriotic attitude can lead to the exaggeration of historical events.

1700080566

1700080567 29.The actual course of the battle may have run about this way. Wulf, Dissertation, p.55 ff. Köhler, Kriegswesen，3：3：394.

1700080568

1700080569 6　意大利雇佣兵、敕令军团和免税射手

1700080570

1700080571 1.On the German knights in Italy, H. Niese has published a study with original documents in the “Sources and Studies from Italian Archives”（“Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven”），published by the Historisches Institut，8（1905）：217.

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