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2.R.Bott，“The Campaigns of the Anglo-French Mercenary Companies to Alsace and Switzerland”（“Die Kriegszüge der englischfranzösischen Soldkompagnien nach dem Elsass und der Schweiz”），alle dissertation，1891.
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Luce, Histoire de Bertrand du Guesclin et de son époque, Paris，1876.
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3.This reform in its entire context has been treated in an exemplary way by G. Roloff in an article “The French Army under Charles VII”（“Das französische Heer unter Karl VII.”），Historische Zeitschrift，93.427. Of the more recent French writings on which this study is based, especially valuable is E. Cosneau, Le Connétable de Richemont（Artur de Bretagne），Paris，1886.
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4.Boutaric, p.214. The levées générales under Philip IV were nothing but “a pretext to establish taxes.”Likewise Luce, Bertrand du Guesclin, p.155，concerning the levies under Philip VI.
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5.When William of Tyre speaks of centuriones and quinquagenarii as early as the battle of Dorylaeum in the First Crusade, that has no other significance than when Widukind speaks of legiones at the battle on the Lechfeld. Barbarossa, of course, sought on his Crusade to organize his army on a regular numerical basis.
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6.According to the treaty of alliance of 1252，the pay was to be handed out to the milites by the capitanei. Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevi（Italian Antiquities of the Middle Ages），6.491.
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7.Rosenhagen，“History of the Imperial Army Move into Italy from Henry VI to Rudolf”（“Geschichte der Reichsheerfahrt von Heinrich VI.bis Rudolph”），Leipzig dissertation，1885，p.65.
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8.Morris, The Welsh Wars.
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9.Archiv.storico Ital.，15.53-According to Köhler，3：2：167.
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10.La Curne, Dictionnaire de I’ancien langage français.
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11.As early as in the lex Salica, title 66，para.2，the word is used twice referring to the fraternity of warriors. This singular case, however, no doubt lies outside the history of language development. In the Latin sources and chronicles of the Valois period, the word is still translated by “societas” or “Comitiva.”Du Cange. Bott, p.4.
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A proclamation by King John of 30 April 1351（cited by Guilhiermoz, Origine de la noblesse, p. 251，from Ordonnances des Rois de France，4.69）reads as follows:
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With respect to whatever gens d’armes come in small groups, without master or chief, we desire and order that a worthy knight be sought out and selected by our constable, marshals, masters of crossbowmen, or others to whom he may belong, who is approved by them, to whom a unit of twenty-five or thirty such men at arms will be given and assigned … and we desire that this knight who shall have such a company will have a pennon with his coat of arms and will receive the same pay as a banneret.
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Froissart, ed. Kervyn de Lettenh.，7.80：“At this time the companies were so large in France that one did not know what to do with them.”
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12.Köhler，3：2：116，118，considers that the basis for the formation of the gleves in 1364 was the fact that it was precisely at that time that the knights started the custom of fighting on foot.Consequently, he is surprised that the gleves were also adopted in Germany（1365），since the knights only seldom fought on foot there. His surprise is out of place, since there was no relationship at all between the dismounting of the knights and the formation of the gleves.
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In 3：2：173，Köhler states that there were lances of two horses, three horses, four，five, six, eight, and ten horses.
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Würdinger, Miliary History of Bavaria（Kriegsgeschichte von Bayern），1：102，states: “The number of men forming a gleve varied. In Swabia there were four horses（Jäger, Ulm，1：418），in Nuremberg two horses to one spear（Ulman Stromer，45），in Strasbourg five horses to one gleve（Schaab，2：277），in Ratisbon one spear and one marksman with three saddle horses（reg.boica，10.303）. It might almost seem that the spear first got the meaning of” lance “or gleve as a result of its combination with one marksman.”Other examples are to be found in Arnold, Constitutional History of the German Free Cities（Verfassungsgeschichte der deutschen freistädte），2：239. Vischer, Studies in German History（Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte），2：77. Fischer, note, p.385. Köhler，3：2：117，173.
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When the chronicles report, as, for example, Königshofen on Döffingen, that an army had 800 gleves and 2，000 foot soldiers, that gives the impression that the 800 gleves are nothing more than 800 heavy horsemen. But then we also find cases of counting by “helmets” and that there were three horsemen to each “helmet.”Chr. F. Stälin, Württembergische Geschichte，3：321.
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In 1381 the cities formed a league army of 1，400 spears and 500 foot soldiers. For this force Augsburg provided forty-eight hastatos（spearmen），thirty sagittarios equites（mounted archers），and 300 pedites armatos（armed foot soldiers）. Würdinger，1：93. See also pp.96 and 98 of the same work.
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Fischer states in Participation of the Free Cities in the Imperial Army March to Italy（Teilnahme der Reichsstädte an der Reichsheerfahrt），p.30，that in 1310 at the imperial diet in Speyer a roster was drawn up showing how many gleves each free city was to provide for the march to Rome, each gleve having three horses, that is, three horsemen. This would therefore indicate that the concept and name of the gleve already existed in Germany in 1310 . Nevertheless, this conclusion is subject to question, since the numbers are from a much later period, and the decision of 1310 may have been worded differently.
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Morris, The Welsh Wars, p. 80，claims that in England the combining of the various combat arms into units was first seen at the siege of Dunbar in 1337. Previously, to include the reign of Edward I, the various combat arms appeared as separate units.
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Cosneau, p. 358，note, states that the English had three marksmen in each lance. He gives an example in which two men-at-arms and two marksmen formed all together a group of nine men and nine horses.
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13.Cosneau, p.357. The ordinance of Luppé-le-Chastel of 26 May 1445 is reproduced on p.610. This shows the lance as consisting of one knight, one coutillier, one page, two marksmen, one serving man, and six horses.
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14.We find used very often the formula “‘ban et arrière-ban’（‘vassals and subvassals’）were levied.”
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According to Guilhiermoz, p. 294，the “arrière-ban” in France was originally the same thing as the Landwehr（militia）in Germany, that is, the general levy of all men capable of bearing arms. He says that the feudal service was later limited to the “arrière-ban” and the “arrière-ban” was limited to men holding fiefs.
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