1700080611
Fischer states in Participation of the Free Cities in the Imperial Army March to Italy（Teilnahme der Reichsstädte an der Reichsheerfahrt），p.30，that in 1310 at the imperial diet in Speyer a roster was drawn up showing how many gleves each free city was to provide for the march to Rome, each gleve having three horses, that is, three horsemen. This would therefore indicate that the concept and name of the gleve already existed in Germany in 1310 . Nevertheless, this conclusion is subject to question, since the numbers are from a much later period, and the decision of 1310 may have been worded differently.
1700080612
1700080613
Morris, The Welsh Wars, p. 80，claims that in England the combining of the various combat arms into units was first seen at the siege of Dunbar in 1337. Previously, to include the reign of Edward I, the various combat arms appeared as separate units.
1700080614
1700080615
Cosneau, p. 358，note, states that the English had three marksmen in each lance. He gives an example in which two men-at-arms and two marksmen formed all together a group of nine men and nine horses.
1700080616
1700080617
13.Cosneau, p.357. The ordinance of Luppé-le-Chastel of 26 May 1445 is reproduced on p.610. This shows the lance as consisting of one knight, one coutillier, one page, two marksmen, one serving man, and six horses.
1700080618
1700080619
14.We find used very often the formula “‘ban et arrière-ban’（‘vassals and subvassals’）were levied.”
1700080620
1700080621
According to Guilhiermoz, p. 294，the “arrière-ban” in France was originally the same thing as the Landwehr（militia）in Germany, that is, the general levy of all men capable of bearing arms. He says that the feudal service was later limited to the “arrière-ban” and the “arrière-ban” was limited to men holding fiefs.
1700080622
1700080623
Boutaric, p. 140 f.，reports in detail on the conditions that were issued on the levy under Louis IX and were specified in numerous “coutumes”（customs）. They limited the rights of the lord to an extreme degree. He was allowed to levy his men only for defense, or only in the region governed by the lord, or only so far as to allow the man to return home on the same evening.
1700080624
1700080625
Luce, Bertrand du Guesclin, p. 159，recounts that, according to an unpublished ordinance, on 17 May 1355 King John called up “the ban et I’arrière-ban, that is to say, all physically qualified men between the ages of eighteen and sixty.” That can hardly have been the intention of the ordinance, and Luce himself believes that the French communes did not obey this order. When Luce adds that Edward III in England really gave the arrière-ban “a truly practical character” by having all his subjects carry out weapons training, that is also an error.
1700080626
1700080627
15.In addition to the references already cited, see Spont，“La Milice des francs-archers，”Revue des questions historiques, Vol.61.
1700080628
1700080629
16.Boutaric, Institutions militaires de la France, p.218. Jähns, Handbuch, p.759. According to Juvénal des Ursins and the Monk of Saint Denis. The latter author states that the people carried out the drills with great zeal.
1700080630
1700080631
17.The military system of Charles the Bold is treated excellently by M. Guillaume，“Histoire de l’organisation militaire sous les dues de Bourgogne，” in the Mémoires couronnés et mémoires des savants étrangers publiés par l’Académie de Belgique, Vol.22，Brussels，1848. Much valuable material is also to be found in La Chauvelays, La Composition des armées de Charles le Téméraire，1879. In the Mémoires de I’Académie de Dijon, Tome VI.（also published in Paris as a separate edition）. I have discussed it myself in my Perser-und Burgunderkriege.
1700080632
1700080633
18.In 1340 the count of Armagnac had only 300 fully equipped men-at-arms in a force of 800（Grande chronique de St. Denys，5：393，ed. Paulin）.
1700080634
1700080635
In 1429 the noblemen who reinforced Charles VII“did not have the means of arming themselves or providing themselves with mounts.”（Chronique de la Pucelle, Panthéon littéraire, p.442）.
1700080636
1700080637
In 1467 Charles the Bold selected, from the vassals who had been levied, those who had full equipment; they numbered 400 of the total group of 1，400. But it happened that the nobles took their pay and rode back home（according to Guillaume, p.89）.
1700080638
1700080639
19.Lachauvelays, p.170，estimates that the two Burgundies provided Charles the Bold with thirty-two companies of soudoyers à gages ménagers.
1700080640
1700080641
The thirty-two companies numbered 899 men-at-arms with three horses each（that is，899 pages and 899 valets），541 gens de trait à cheval（mounted marksmen），178 coutilliers à cheval（light horsemen），and 177 demi-lances.（A demi-lance is an individual knight who receives the samepay as two marksmen.）
1700080642
1700080643
The totals were therefore as follows:
1700080644
1700080645
1700080646
1700080647
1700080648
20.A regulation for Hainaut appeared in 1470 and, according to Guillaume, p.113，stated the following: A fief-holder with more than 360 pounds of annual income had to provide one man-at-arms with a coutillier, a page, and six dismounted archers. A fief-holder with 240 pounds of income was to provide one man-at-arms. A fief-holder with 120 pounds was to provide three men on foot（dismounted archers, crossbowmen, or spearmen）. The smaller and larger groups were combined in accordance with the corresponding mission. Fiefs under 64 sous had no obligation. Anyone who could not serve personally was to provide an appropriate substitute, and if he could not do so, the commanders took over that responsibility for him. Every four months the items of equipment were to be inspected.
1700080649
1700080650
A similar regulation appeared in 1475 for Flanders.
1700080651
1700080652
Let us note that a certain progression upward occurred, that the smallest fief-holders were completely free, and that possessions of quite a significant extent called for providing one man on foot or even on horseback, and that the men in service were paid. Let us compare with this situation the concept that in the Carolingian Empire ownership of a few hides was burdened with providing one man at his own expense.
1700080653
1700080654
According to Lachauvelays, p. 258，the largest number of fiefs had an income of less than 50 francs, often only 10 francs.
1700080655
1700080656
The wording of the levy that Charles’governor for Burgundy issued on 3 May 1471 is very remarkable: “All types of men, both nobles and others, regardless of their class or profession, who are accustomed to bearing and using arms, whether or not they have fiefs and whether or not they have provided somebody for the present army”（quoted in Lachauvelays, p.187）. We might use this regulation as a paraphrase of the “cuncta generalitas populi”（“the whole mass of the people”）in the capitulary of Charlemagne（p.42，above）or the “universi”（“all”）in the levy of 817（p.36，above）.
1700080657
1700080658
21.This is specified in this way by the regulation of 31 July 1471. Olivier de la Marche, who commanded a company himself, states in his memoirs that the lance was composed of two archers, two men armed with the culverin, and two spearmen（according to Guillaume, p.121）.
1700080659
1700080660
7 坦嫩贝格会战、蒙莱里会战及同时期的其他若干战斗