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1.While the special study by Karl Heveker，“The Battle of Tannenberg”（“Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg”），Berlin dissertation，1906，published by Georg Nauck, has greatly advanced the understanding of the battle and has eliminated many false ideas, it still leaves important points in the dark. If I attempt to arrive at a clear picture from it, I must add that a number of points in my account are based only on supposition. Among more recent works, I cite an article by S. Kujot in Die altpreussische Monatsschrift, Vol.48，Issue No.1，and Krollmann, Oberländische Geschichtsblätter, Issue No.13，1911. Also worthy of note is the study “The Knights’Grave of Tannenberg”（“Das Rittergrab von Tannenberg”），by E.Schnippel in the Oberländische Geschichtsblätter, Issue No.11，1909.
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2.The valuable description of the terrain is to be found in Köhler, Warfare of the Knightly Period（Kriegswesen der Ritterzeit），2：717.
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3.Kujot and Krollmann arrived at other conclusions on a number of points. Nevertheless, I have in general stood by my earlier account.
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4.There is probably injected into this description an account of French knights from the battle of Nikopol, which took place fourteen years earlier. There were no Hungarians at Tannenberg.
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第五篇 瑞士人
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1 瑞士地方共同体的形成
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1.That is the opinion of Oechsli, in The Beginnings of the Swiss Confederation（Die Anfänge der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft），p.121.
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2.Oechsli, p.230. Durrer, The Unity of Unterwalden（Die Einheit Unterwaldens）Jahrbücher fur Schweizerische Geschichte，1910，p.96，confirms Oechsli’s assumption.
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3.In 1252 the abbot of Saint Gall took them into his service in a feud with the bishop of Constance. Oechsli, p.229.
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4.One of the captured monks composed a very interesting culturalhistorical poem in Latin on this subject. An old German translation of this poem with explanatory remarks has been edited by Leo Wirth, A Prelude to the Battle on the Morgarten（Ein Vorspiel der Morgartenschlacht），Aarau，1909.114 pages.
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2 莫尔加滕会战
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1.A.Nüscheler, in “The Letzinen in Switzerland”（“Die Letzinen in der Schweiz”），Mitteilungen der antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich, Vol.18，Issue No.1，Zurich，1872.With respect to Näfels, see Dändliker, Geschichte der Schweiz，1：531，note.
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2.This is expressly reported by Vitoduran.
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3.Morgarten is the mountain east of the lake. Schorno is 1，100 meters south of the lake, and Sattel is somewhat farther south, where the road from Schorno meets the road from Altmatt.
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4.One might ask why the Schwyzers later（1322）extended the letzi near Schorno, since its absence had, after all, done them the good service in 1315 of attracting the duke onto the dangerous route. The answer may be that they could in no case count on surprising the enemy a second time at the same place and therefore preferred to protect the land here also.
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5.The fact that Vitoduran gives a strength of 20，000 men is, of course, meaningless.
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6.Werner Stauffacher had led the Schwyzers in January 1314 in the raid on Einsiedeln and appears again in sources after the battle at the head of his country. Oechsli, p.352.
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7.As we have already seen above, Oechsli estimates the population of Schwyz at that time at some 18，000. Even if it should have been a few thousand smaller, we must still assume that in the most extreme danger even the last available man was called up. We surely cannot go below a figure of 3，000. In addition, there were also the men of Arth, those of Uri, and perhaps also men of Unterwalden. But we must make a small deduction for the garrison of the letzi of Arth and perhaps also of Brunnen, to defend against an attack by water.
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The numerical superiority of the confederates in the actual battle was even greater because part of the Hapsburg troops, for example, the Winterthur contingent, were still on the way.
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8.In later accounts, the advance guard is designated as the “banished ones”（“Verbannten”），and this has given rise to the most varied interpretations. Nevertheless, this is simply a question of a misunderstood word. The misunderstanding is clarified by H. Herzog in the Schweizerische Monatshefte für Offiziere aller Waffen，1906.
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9.All available accounts have been printed one after the other by Thomas von Liebenau in the Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins des Kantons Schwyz, Issue No.3，1884.
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Of value in this analysis are the notes Dändliker added in the fourth edition of his Geschichte der Schweiz, after he changed his earlier account in favor of the Bürkli concept（p.700）.
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Bürkli followed up his first work, The Creation of the Swiss Confederation and the Battle on the Morgarten（Die Entstehung der Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft und die Schlacht am Morgarten），1891，with a second treatment under the title “A Monument on the Morgarten”（“Ein Denkmal am Morgarten”），in the Zuger Neujahrsblatt für das Jahr 1895（published by W.Anderwert）. This article is also accompanied by a good special map.
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3 劳彭会战
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1.It is an unproven supposition that Austria stood behind the alliance against Bern. If the House of Hapsburg had really wanted to defeat Bern at that time, it would have acted very foolishly by keeping itself in reserve instead of immediately sending so many forces to join the allies that the victory would be assured. I mention this only so that it will not be concluded possibly from the presumed secret alliance of Austria with the enemies of Bern, that the forest cantons, too, because they were also enemies of Austria, would have had an interest in the war.
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