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9.Jähns passed over this in his Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften. It was edited by C. Favre and L. Lecestre,2 volumes, Paris,1887,1889.
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10.Le Jouvencel, Book I, Chap.17,Vol.II,63
:“A combat unit on foot should not march at all but is always to await its enemies in place. For when they march, they are not all of the same strength and they cannot hold their formation. It takes no more than a bush to break them up.”
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11.Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften,1:248.
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12.Published by Köhler in the Anzeiger für die Kunde der deutschen Vorzeit,1870.
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13.Cited in Jähns,1:323.
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9 结语
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1.M.G.SS.,18.192.H. Escher, The Swiss Foot Troops(Das schw-eizerische Fussvolk),p.19,also states(without citing a source)that in 1202 a distinction was made in Italy between “lanceae longae”(“long spears”)and “lanceae de milite”(“soldiers’spears”),and that in 1327 the burghers of Turin were ordered to carry “spears of 18 feet.”Köhler,3:1:50,states that the knight’s lance was originally no longer than 10 feet, and that in the fourteenth century it was lengthened to 14 feet and became so heavy that a man on foot could no longer manipulate it(3:1:85).
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2.Bürkli believes that this is the meaning of the expression “Stangharnisch.”G. Escher, p.44,note to p.19,disputes this point, but he concedes that no other explanation of the word “Stangharnisch” has yet been found. Of course, Bürkli is in error when he says that by this word “Stange” we must necessarily understand the later, long spear. Escher, Feuerwerksblatt,102(1907): 34,arrives at the solution that any kind of weapon with a staff, both the spear and the halberd, is meant to accompany the harness.
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3.Report of the Milanese Ambassador Panigarola of 16 January 1476. Gingins, Dépêches Milanaises,1:266.“There is no doubt that, in keeping with their custom, they will offer battle; at the first penetration they will necessarily be broken, because every little defeat throws them off; from the start they will definitely be disheartened and lost.”
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4.Volume I, p.145. Thucydides,6.68.
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战争艺术史 [1]莱茵河发源于瑞士,向北经过德国西部和荷兰注入北海。施瓦本和巴伐利亚在德国南部、莱茵河以东。斯海尔德河发源于法国,流经比利时,从荷兰南部入海。黑森位于德国中部偏西,东南与巴伐利亚接壤。美因河是莱茵河右岸的支流,流经巴伐利亚北部和黑森,沿岸主要城市有法兰克福与美因茨。
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[2]萨克森人是日耳曼人的一部分,后来主要分为两部分:一部分移居不列颠岛,即中文语境中的“撒克逊人”;另一部分留在今天德国东部,即中文语境中的“萨克森人”。
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[3]法兰克王国的奠基人,在位时间为481-509年。
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[4]海得是古代日耳曼人的一种土地单位,意义是一户人家一年能耕种的土地。
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[5]英格兰国王,在位时间为1327-1377年,延续英法百年战争并取得了克雷西会战(1346)、普瓦捷会战(1356)等重大胜利,但晚年开始失利。
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[6]法兰克国王,查理曼之子,在位时间为814-840年。他去世后3年,3个儿子就以《凡尔登条约》瓜分了查理曼帝国。
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[7]西斯拉夫人的一支,生活在波兰和德国交界处。
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[8]巴伐利亚在今德国南部,阿基坦在法国西南部,直线距离在1000千米以上,从巴伐利亚的慕尼黑开车去阿基坦的波尔多要12个小时以上;阿勒曼尼人、东法兰克人都生活在德国;萨克森人、图林根人、弗里西亚人、利普里安人生活在荷兰、德国北部和中部;阿瓦尔人是古代欧亚大陆的一支少数民族,在今匈牙利和乌克兰一带建立汗国;勃艮第人生活在法国东部,波希米亚在今天的捷克;布列塔尼位于法国的西北角;伦巴底在意大利北部,帕德博恩在德国北部;奥尔良在巴黎附近,从伦巴底和巴伐利亚去都要跨过半个法国加半个德国。
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[9]位于法国中部偏北的一座城市。
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[10]19世纪德国历史学家,著有《墨洛温王朝与加洛林王朝时期王室城堡研究》(Die Koenigspfalzen Der Merowinger Und Karolinger)。
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[11]德国中世纪历史学者(1848-1916)。
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[12]德国东部城市,位于易北河畔,奥托一世的王宫所在地。
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[13]位于法国东北边境地区,今称蒂永维尔(Thionville)。
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