1700084470 … as soon as they see the fire of the cannon, the infantrymen automatically have to lift the halberds and long lances all together over their heads and to cross one lance over the other, and likewise the halberds, and at the same time to drop to the ground so low that the cannon, which do not fire downward, pass over them or hit in the halberds and long lances, not doing much harm to the infantrymen of the formation. For this reason, the Germans customarily now make the wheels of the gun carriages so small and low that the enemies can be harmed, even if they drop down as indicated; and when the formation is about to assault, the halberdiers and likewise those with the long lances all lower their halberds and also their long lances, with the points forward and not above their shoulders.（Relazioni degli Ambasc. Veneti [Reports of the Venetian Ambassadors]，Ed. Albèri, Series I，6：21-22）.

1700084471

1700084472 In 1537 de Langey taught that the best defense against the artillery was to take it by storm so that it would not have time for a second shot, or to approach it in a wide formation so that it would hit fewer men. Trewer Rath, fol. III, recommends having 300“runners”（including a few good musketeers）close quickly on the cannon.

1700084473

1700084474 42.“Nullo prope usui fore”（“It would be nearly useless”），Jovius, Hist. Lib. I, Venice，1553，1：30.

1700084475

1700084476 43.Book II, Chap.17. See also the account in Comines，2：258. Ed. Mandrot.

1700084477

1700084478 44.Essais, Book I.

1700084479

1700084480 45.Le vite de dicenove huomini illustri（The Lives of Nineteen Famous Men），Venice，1581，lib.III.

1700084481

1700084482 46.Avila, Schmalkaldic War（Schmalkaldischer Krieg），Venice，1548，p.40.

1700084483

1700084484 47.Sixl，2：167.

1700084485

1700084486 48.The name “hook firearm” was derived from this hook and survived for a long time, taking the form “haquebutte” in French. This word may also have been influenced by its similarity to “arkebuse”（harquebus）. Jähns, however, has surmised that the name “hook firearm” was derived from the hook into which the match was clamped, and this interpretation is actually supported by common sense. The invention of this “hook” represented a much more important step forward than the invention of the recoil hook. The latter, of course, could only be used in a prepared defensive position and in target shooting. The fork did not provide any resistance for the recoil; even a three-legged stand would have been too weak for that.

1700084487

1700084488 49.Sixl, Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，2：334，407，409，on the basis of firing reports from Zurich in 1472，Würzburg in 1474，Eichstädt in 1487，and others. In noteworthy contradiction to these is Guicciardini’s comment that before Pavia in 1525 the entrenched lines of the two sides were only 40 paces apart and the bastions were so close that the harquebus marksmen could have fired on each other. The greater distances in competitive shooting are so extensively confirmed that we cannot doubt them, but even if the paces were taken to be of the smallest possible length, it is still difficult to understand why they wanted to shoot at targets at such distances with the firearms of that period.

1700084489

1700084490 50.Forrer, Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，4：55.

1700084491

1700084492 51.Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，1：316.

1700084493

1700084494 52.Institution de la discipline militaire au Royaume de France, Lyon，1559，Vol.I, Chap.10，p.46. According to Jovius, Charles V suffered heavy losses in Algiers in 1541 because a rainfall extinguished the matches. A similar report appears in Vieilleville, Mémoires, Vol.Ill, Chap.22.

1700084495

1700084496 53.According to the Badminton Archery Book, by Charles Longman. London，1894.

1700084497

1700084498 54.Tielcke, Contributions to the Art of War and History of the War of 1756 to 1763（Beyträge zur Kriegskunst und Geschichte des Krieges von 1756 bis 1763），2：22.

1700084499

1700084500 55.The astonishing accuracy of the present-day Mongolians with the bow and arrow is reported by von Binder in the Militär-Wochenblatt，8（1905）：173. For the accomplishments with the bow and arrow in the Middle Ages, see Giraldus Cambrensis, cited in Oman, History of the Art of War, p.559. On the occasion of a siege, Welsh archers reportedly shot their arrows through an oak door 4 inches thick. Giraldus himself claimed to have seen in 1188 the arrows, which had been left in the door as a matter of curiosity. The iron points could just be seen on the interior of the door. An arrow was also reported to have penetrated a knight’s coat of mail, his mail breeches, his thigh, through the wood of his saddle, and deep into the flank of his horse.

1700084501

1700084502 56.Comines, Ed.Mandrot，2：296.

1700084503

1700084504 57.Escher, Neujahrsblatt der Züricher Feuerwerker，1906，p.23.

1700084505

1700084506 58.Ranke, Werke，2：269.

1700084507

1700084508 59.De vita magni Consalvi（On the Life of Gonsalvo the Great），Opere，1578，2：243.

1700084509

1700084510 60.According to the very careful and enlightening study by R. Forrer, Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，4：57.

1700084511

1700084512 61.Jovius, Elogia vir.ill.（Aphorisms of Distinguished Men），Book III.

1700084513

1700084514 62.Martin du Bellay as an eyewitness. Mémoires, Ed.1753，5：296.

1700084515

1700084516 63.See also Martin du Bellay, Mémoires, Ed.1753，Book X，6：35.

1700084517

1700084518 64.“Pistol”（“Pistole”）comes from the Slavic（Bohemian）“pistala”（tube，firing tube）. In a Breslau inventory of 1483 are listed 235 “Pis-deallen.” This number indicates that these were hand weapons, but we cannot tell what kind of weapon. Sources for the History of Firearms（Quellen zur Geschichte der Feuerwaffen），published by the Germanic Museum, Leipzig，1877，pp.46，112. The name of the weapon has nothing to do with the word “Pistoja.”

1700084519

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