1700084497

1700084498 54.Tielcke, Contributions to the Art of War and History of the War of 1756 to 1763（Beyträge zur Kriegskunst und Geschichte des Krieges von 1756 bis 1763），2：22.

1700084499

1700084500 55.The astonishing accuracy of the present-day Mongolians with the bow and arrow is reported by von Binder in the Militär-Wochenblatt，8（1905）：173. For the accomplishments with the bow and arrow in the Middle Ages, see Giraldus Cambrensis, cited in Oman, History of the Art of War, p.559. On the occasion of a siege, Welsh archers reportedly shot their arrows through an oak door 4 inches thick. Giraldus himself claimed to have seen in 1188 the arrows, which had been left in the door as a matter of curiosity. The iron points could just be seen on the interior of the door. An arrow was also reported to have penetrated a knight’s coat of mail, his mail breeches, his thigh, through the wood of his saddle, and deep into the flank of his horse.

1700084501

1700084502 56.Comines, Ed.Mandrot，2：296.

1700084503

1700084504 57.Escher, Neujahrsblatt der Züricher Feuerwerker，1906，p.23.

1700084505

1700084506 58.Ranke, Werke，2：269.

1700084507

1700084508 59.De vita magni Consalvi（On the Life of Gonsalvo the Great），Opere，1578，2：243.

1700084509

1700084510 60.According to the very careful and enlightening study by R. Forrer, Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，4：57.

1700084511

1700084512 61.Jovius, Elogia vir.ill.（Aphorisms of Distinguished Men），Book III.

1700084513

1700084514 62.Martin du Bellay as an eyewitness. Mémoires, Ed.1753，5：296.

1700084515

1700084516 63.See also Martin du Bellay, Mémoires, Ed.1753，Book X，6：35.

1700084517

1700084518 64.“Pistol”（“Pistole”）comes from the Slavic（Bohemian）“pistala”（tube，firing tube）. In a Breslau inventory of 1483 are listed 235 “Pis-deallen.” This number indicates that these were hand weapons, but we cannot tell what kind of weapon. Sources for the History of Firearms（Quellen zur Geschichte der Feuerwaffen），published by the Germanic Museum, Leipzig，1877，pp.46，112. The name of the weapon has nothing to do with the word “Pistoja.”

1700084519

1700084520 65.Susane, Histoire de la cavallerie française，1：48.

1700084521

1700084522 66.According to the Quellen zur Geschichte der Feuerwaffen, p.118，a pistol appears in an illustration dated as early as 1531；another pistol, with a wheel lock，“judging from its component parts and form，” is dated “approximately” in the second decade of the sixteenth century.

1700084523

1700084524 3　长枪方阵战术

1700084525

1700084526 1.We might be reminded of the battle of Sellasia, but the sources for that battle are much too uncertain. See Vol.I, p.241.

1700084527

1700084528 2.The Spanish theoreticians of the school of Alba—Valdes, Eguiluz, and Lechuga—favored a shallower formation for the infantry（Jähns，1：729 ff.）. At any rate, they preferred the square by space to the square of men, but they also favored an even shallower formation, going as far as a ratio of 1：7. Valdes gives as an example that Alba once formed his 1，200 spearmen, three terzios，60 men wide and 20 men deep.

1700084529

1700084530 Mendoza gives no positive prescription but simply mentions that they had both wider formations and deeper formations. In the Institution de la discipline militaire au Royaume de France, Lyon，1559，p.73，the space square, which has twice as many files as ranks, is prescribed.

1700084531

1700084532 3.The Italian Giovacchino da Coniano, who was a sergeant major in the English service against France in the 1540s, sketched and described a series of thirty-two battle formations. There were supposed to have been even more.（Comment by the editor at the end of the document: “It was entitled Dell’Ordinanze overo battaglie del capitan Giovacchino da Conjano, printed in Book III of the work Delia Fortificatione delle città di Girolamo Maggi e Jacomo Castriotto. Venice，1583，115 ff.）The whole work was already assembled in 1564.（See Maurice I.D. Cockle, A Bibliography of English Military Books Up to 1642 and of Contemporary Foreign Works. London，1900，pp.141，200.）Although the somewhat boastful soldier refers again and again to practical testing of his formations in the face of the enemy, we can probably not lend him too much credence. The accomplishments on the English side before Boulogne at that time did not evoke much respect elsewhere in the world. Nevertheless, it is interesting that the sergeant major was already sketching very shallow formations, with the justification that he had experienced how much better it was to have more weapons in the front line in action simultaneously（Fol.119-720）.

1700084533

1700084534 4　佣兵军队的内部建制

1700084535

1700084536 1.The standard document for this subject is the careful and worthwhile study by Wilhelm Erben，“Origin and Development of the German Articles of War”（“Ursprung und Entwicklung der deutschen Kriegsartikel”），in the Festgabe für Theodor Sickel, Mitteilungen des Instituts für’ostreichische Geschichtsforschung, supplementary Vol.VI，1900，with a few later additions by the same author. Closely linked with this work is the equally excellent book by Burkhard von Bonin, Bases of the Legal System in the German Army at the Beginning of the Modern Era（to 1600）（Grundzüge der Rechtsverfassung in dem deutschen Heere zu Beginn der Neuzeit[bis 1600]）. Weimar，1904. Also very important and providing good orientation by its comprehensiveness is the work by Wilhelm Beck, The Oldest Letters of Articles for the German Infantry（Die ältesten Artikelbriefe für das deutsche Fussvolk），1908. See Erben’s review in the Historische Zeitschrift，102：368.

1700084537

1700084538 2.“Weibel”（Feldwebel: first sergeant）is related to the word “weben”（“to weave”）and means the servant who moves quickly here and there, running back and forth. The Feldwebel was initially assigned by the colonel as responsible for lining up the whole regiment and only later gradually became a functionary for the company. The “Gemeinweibel，” who are supposed by some scholars to have been elected by the troops in order to present their possible complaints to the captain, seem to me somewhat questionable. On this point, see Bonin, p.50，and Erben, p.14.

1700084539

1700084540 3.Bonin, p.170，cites a few passages that indicate that the first sergeant was not to strike with his fist or with staffs, but with the shaft of his halberd. The captain and the lieutenant were supposed “to strike in their command duties with short sticks，” but “not without great reason therefor.”

1700084541

1700084542 4.Bonin, p.21.

1700084543

1700084544 5.Georg Paetel, The Organization of the Hessian Army under Philip the Magnanimous（Die Organisation des hessischen Heeres unter Philipp dem Grossmütigen），1897.

1700084545

1700084546 6.26.Discours. Observations militaires, Ed.1587，p.750.

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