1700084980 13.Susane, p.100. De la Noue concludes that the Spanish infantry was better than the French from the fact that so many noblemen were in the Spanish service（Jähns, p.564）. A remarkable account of weekly changes of the Spanish commanders, determined by lot, is reported for the year 1538 by Jovius, Book 37，Ed.1578，pp.364，366.

1700084981

1700084982 14.Discours XIV, Ed.1587，p.338.

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1700084984 15.The first trace of a distinction in principle between officers and noncommissioned officers I find in a remark by de la Noue in Discours XIII, Ed.1587，p.322. In that passage he praises the Spanish for obeying the orders of even simple sergeants, and their officers all the more.

1700084985

1700084986 16.I.G. Hoyer, History of the Art of War（Geschichte der Kriegskunst），p.188，who was still familiar with the living tradition, considers that the principal reason for the poor discipline of the French in the eighteenth century was the selling of officer positions. But we may not observe such points in isolation and then consider them as basic causes. In the English army, too, the sale of positions was common, and it not only maintained its discipline, but this deformity even offered the advantage that an outstanding man, if he was also rich, could attain a higher command position at a very young age. Thus Wellington became a lieutenant colonel at age twenty-three.

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1700084988 17.The relationship of the noble and bourgeois officers in the French army is treated very thoroughly in the book by Louis Tuetey, The Officers under the Ancien Régime, Nobles and Commoners（Les officiers sous l’ancien régime, nobles et roturiers），Paris，1908.

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1700084990 18.Puységur, Chap.VI, p.50，estimates sixteen to seventeen men for each officer, but on p.103，some twenty-five men per officer. Sicard, Histoire des institutions militaires des Français，2：229，estimates twelve to thirteen men per officer（79，050：6553），and on p.244，nineteen to twenty men（686：35 in the infantry battalion）. Susane, Histoire de l’infanterie française，1：278，has fifteen men per officer（685：35）. Berenhorst, Observations（Betrachtungen），1：61，estimates eighteen men for one officer（900：50）. Susane adds to his numbers the statement that in 1718 the number was found to be much too large and consequently the number of companies was reduced, but in 1734 they were again increased. Hoyer, Geschichte der Kriegskunst，2：505，states that, as a result of the reforms of the minister of war, St. Germain, the strength of the companies was fixed at 125 souls, including seven or eight officers. Chuquet says the number of French officers in 1789 was about 9，000. In Austria, too, the number of officers at the time of Prince Eugene was very large. Montecuccoli required thirty-three officers for 1，500 men. In December 1740 Prussia had 3，116 officers for about 100，000 men, and in 17865，300 officers for some 200，000 men. The Thüna regiment in 1784 numbered fifty-two officers and 2，186 noncommissioned officers and men, including forty reserves, consequently one officer for forty-two men.Militär-Wochenblatt，1909，col.3768.

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1700084992 19.The statements in the biographies by Sarrans-Jeune and Kläber, concerning Bernadotte’s entrance into service, do not agree completely.

1700084993

1700084994 20.Daniels, Preussische Jahrbücher，77：523.

1700084995

1700084996 21.Hoyer, Geschichte der Kriegskunst，2：199. According to Nys, International Law（Le droit international），3：512，the first treaty on ransoms was made in 1550 between Maurice of Saxony and Magdeburg. The ransom was not to exceed one month’s pay. Heffter-Geffcken, International Law（Völkerrecht），section 142，names as the oldest agreement concerning the exchange of prisoners and ransoms a treaty between France and Holland in 1673. Pradier-Fodéré，Traité de droit international public，7：45，refers to still other treaties. At times the maximum limit for a ransom was fixed at the pay for a quarter of the year.

1700084997

1700084998 22.The first promise to care for the sick and wounded that I can remember having read is contained in a pay contract of Stralsund of 1510（Beck, Artikelsbriefe, p.118），where care of the wounded and of disabled veterans is promised.

1700084999

1700085000 23.Daniels，“Ferdinand von Braunschweig，”Preussische Jahrbücher，80：509. See also 79：287.

1700085001

1700085002 3　勃兰登堡-普鲁士

1700085003

1700085004 1.The Netherlander Le Hon（Hondius）wrote concerning Wallhausen（Jähns，2：1039）：

1700085005

1700085006 Wallhausen has made a large book of the drills of a regiment which do not occur among us and were also not used by the Prince of Orange … which are nothing more than fantasies that one puts on paper and which cannot be applied by any officer or soldier, indeed not by the author himself, who, like Icarus, wants to fly so high that he must fall down from above, who thinks that by putting figures on paper they must be heard by many people.

1700085007

1700085008 The Frenchman Bardin called Wallhausen’s Kriegskunst zu Fuss “an illegible confused mixture, from which there is nothing to be learned”（Jähns，2：1042）.

1700085009

1700085010 2.In his defense let it be noted that even a soldier like Montecuccoli wrote something similar：“If one wishes to form a unit of lancers, not for the attack but for defense, one can give it a square formation, facing toward all four sides.”Round or spherical formations were also recommended. Writings（Schriften），1：352.

1700085011

1700085012 3.L. Plathner，“Count John of Nassau and the First Military School”（“Graf Johann von Nassau und die erste Kriegsschule”），Berlin dissertation，1913.

1700085013

1700085014 4.Around 1559 Count Reinhart Solms wrote a military encyclopedia, which Jähns，1：510，calls “Military Government”（“Kriegsregierung”），in which he emphatically rejects the idea of the militia, since the men would run away when the situation became serious. Lazarus Schwendi was in favor of the militia（Jähns, p.539）. General von Klitzing drew up a report for Duke Georg of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in which he stated that, according to his experience, militiamen could not stand up to recruited troops. He recommended mixing recruited soldiers and those who were levied. Von dem Decken, Duke George of Braunschweig-Lüneburg（Herzog Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg），2：189.

1700085015

1700085016 5.The militia was only used with success once in a secondary role; when the duke moved into Bohemia in 1620，he used the militia to protect his country against the Union. Krebs, Battle on the White Mountain（Schlacht am weissen Berge），p.32.

1700085017

1700085018 6.When the burgomaster of Augsburg in 1544 forced all the citizens to procure weapons and participate in daily drills, the entire city rose up against this procedure and said it was nonsense, an unnecessary waste of time and money, since, in view of the importance of Augsburg’s industries, this purpose could better and more cheaply be accomplished with paid mercenaries. Schmoller, Tübinger Zeitschrift，16：486.

1700085019

1700085020 7.Jany, The Beginnings of the Old Army（Die Anfänge der alten Armee），p.2.

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1700085022 8.Jany，1：10. Krollmann, The Defense Work in the Kingdom of Prussia（Das Defensionswerk im Königreich Preussen），1909.

1700085023

1700085024 9.Meynert, History of the Military and of Army Organizations in Europe（Geschichte des Kriegswesens und der Heerverfassungen in Europa），2：99.

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1700085026 10.In June 1625 the total cost of deliveries in Hesse taken by the billeted troops of the League since 1623 only in the cities and the villages subject to the princes（and not the villages of the nobility），without counting robberies and destruction, was estimated as 3，318，000 imperial talers. This was much more than ten times the amount approved by the Estates three years earlier for the landgrave, but with which the country had not been able to be defended. M. Ritter, German History（Deutsche Geschichte），3：260. Gindely estimates the total contributions raised by Wallenstein in his first period of command as between 200 and 210 million talers. The city of Halle alone showed that from December 1625 to September 1627 it had paid 430，274 guilders.

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1700085028 11.Droysen, Prussian Politics（Preussische Politik），3：1，49.

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