1700085170
That it was not the echelons that brought victory was also recognized by Dietrich von Bülow（Jähns，3：2139）. Major Jochim，“The Military Testament of the Great King”（“Das militärische Testament des Grossen Königs”），supplement to the Militär-Wochenblatt, Vol.7，1914，claims, contrary to the General Staff Work, p.26，that the echelons were formed not by battalions but by brigades（five battalions）. He regards the oblique battle formation not as a combat formation at all, but rather as a movement formation, and he decisively rejects the traditional exaggerated estimate of its value. For him, the oblique battle formation was only an “expedient for the open plain with no cover.”According to the “Dispositions for the Battle of Zorndorf，” as printed in the Military Testament of Count Henckel Donnersmarck（Militärischer Nachlass des Grafen Henckel Donnersmarck），2：78，every two battalions together formed one echelon.
1700085171
1700085172
31.Letter of 8 August 1745. Generalstabswerk，“Wars of Frederick the Great”（“Kriege Friedrichs des Grossen”），1：24.
1700085173
1700085174
32.Kurt Schmidt，“The Activity of the Prussian Free Battalions in the First Two Campaigns of the Seven Years’War”（“Die Tätigkeit der preussischen Freibataillone in den beiden ersten Feldzügen des siebenjährigen Krieges”），Berlin dissertation，1911. Erwin Dette, op.cit.，p.78 ff. On Hardt’s successes in 1759，see Generalstabswerk，10：124.
1700085175
1700085176
33.Militär-Wochenblatt，62（1895）：1602；73（1899）：1832. The French ambassador Valory wrote in his report for 1748 concerning the Prussian cavalry at the time of the death of Frederick William I, Brandenburgisch-Preussische Forschungen，7：308：
1700085177
1700085178
The horses are accustomed to the fire, and the rider dismounts from his horse, leaving the bridle on his neck, and he places himself at the head of the squadron in order to fire by rank of platoons and of battalions like the infantryman, and no horse moves from his place. I have seen entire half-squadrons double their ranks fleeing from the horses’heels.
1700085179
1700085180
34.von Canitz, Information and Observations on the Fates of the Mounted Forces（Nachrichte und Betrachtungen über die Schicksale der Reiterei），p.7.
1700085181
1700085182
35.According to Desbrière and Sautai, Organisation et tactique des trois armes, Paris，1906.
1700085183
1700085184
36.Writings（Schriften），2：176.
1700085185
1700085186
37.Kavalleristische Monatshefte，1908，p.908，“On the Details and Results of Mounted Clashes”（“Ueber Verlauf and Ergebnis von Reiterzusammenstössen”）.
1700085187
1700085188
5 战略
1700085189
1700085190
1.It will be worth the trouble to note that, hand in hand with the new period of strategy, there also appeared the use of an aid that became increasingly important with the passage of time, the use of maps.Jovius relates that before the battle of Marignano in 1515 there were laid out for the Swiss leaders in the castle of Milan parchment sheets on which were drawn the roads and adjoining areas.“Membranae in medium prolatae, quibus mensurae itinerum et regionis situs pictura describebantur, ut agreste ingenio homines certius deliberata cognoscerent.”（“Parchments were published, on which the distances of the routes and a picture of the structure of the region were drawn, so that even men with untrained ability might know the plans more definitely.”）It is noteworthy that in this way attempts were made to assist the peasants’lack of education.
1700085191
1700085192
2.Jähns，2：1151.
1700085193
1700085194
3.“He who has the last piece of bread and the last crown is victorious.”Gaspard（Jean）de Saulx-Tavannes, Mémoires, Ed. Buchon，1836.p.226. Mendoza, p.11：“Consequently, it is customarily said that the last crown or penny holds the victory.”
1700085195
1700085196
When Frederick planned to begin the war in 1756，he estimated that each campaign would cost him 5 million talers and that Prussia together with Saxony, which he planned to conquer, could afford that. The expenses increased, however, to 15 million talers annually, and he had to request English subsidies. Maria Theresa waged war essentially with French subsidies, but in 1761 she had used up her resources so completely that even during the continuing war she reduced the army and discharged troops for reasons of economy.
1700085197
1700085198
4.These passages are to be found in “Frederick the Great’s Ideas on War”（“Friedrichs des Grossen Anschauungen vom Kriege”），Vol.27 of the Kriegsgeschichtliche Einzelschriften, p.268.
1700085199
1700085200
5.Jochim，“The Military Testament of the Great King”（“Das militärische Testament des Grossen Königs”），supplement to the Militär-Wochenblatt，1914，pp.269，278.
1700085201
1700085202
6.Lenz, Historische Zeitschrift，49：458.
1700085203
1700085204
7.Schmalkaldic War（Schmalkaldischer Krieg），German edition，1853，p.90.
1700085205
1700085206
8.Even before the start of the Schmalkaldic War, the Venetian ambassador reported that the emperor would not fight any battle. In this connection he noted
:“… Protestants do not have captains … the German nation alone is not suitable to do battle on its own with determination, and the emperor will avoid that but will probe and encircle the enemy army with his light cavalry, and with the Italian infantry（which is experienced in the business of war）he will attempt to drive them back, wear them out, and annihilate them.”Bern.Navagero, Report from Germany of July 1546（Relation aus Deutschland vom Juli 1546），Ed. Albèri, Series 1，1：362.
1700085207
1700085208
9.Viktor Löwe, The Organization and Administration of Wallenstein’s Armies（Die Organisation und Verwaltung der Wallensteinschen Heere），1895. Reviewed by Schrötter in Schmollers Jahrbücher，1895，Vol.19，Book 4，p.327. Konze，“The Strengths etc.of Wallenstein’s Army in 1633”（“Die Stärke usw der Wallensteinschen Armee im Jahre 1633”），Bonn dissertation，1906. Hoeniger，“The Armies of the Thirty Years’War”（“Die Armeen des 30jährigen Krieges”），supplement to the Militär-Wochenblatt，1914，Vol.7，claims that at the climax of the war, when Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein stood facing one another, on both sides together there was a total of between 260，000 and 280，000 men under arms. That estimate is certainly somewhat high. Hoeniger gave too high a strength to the armies, especially at Nuremberg.
1700085209
1700085210
10.According to Deuticke, Schlacht bei Lützen, p.52.
1700085211
1700085212
11.For the train and rations among the Swiss, see Elgger, Military System of the Swiss（Kriegswesen der Schweizer），p.117 ff.
1700085213
1700085214
12.Jähns, pp.502，505.
1700085215
1700085216
13.Jähns, p.521.
1700085217
1700085218
14.Knaake, Contributions to the History of Emperor Charles V（Beiträge zur Geschichte Kaiser Karls V.），Stendal，1864，p.11.
1700085219
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70008517e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]