1700085330
39.The newest study, based on the Generalstabswerk, is the article by Laubert in the Brandenburgisch-Preussische Forschungen,25(1913):91.
1700085331
1700085332
40.The Generalstabswerk estimates the strength of the combined Russians and Austrians in the battle as 79,000,while Koser estimates only between 68,000 and 69,000 men,16,000 of whom were irregulars. The Generalstabswerk gives Frederick 49,900 men, of whom the troops who covered the bridges and garrisoned Frankfurt were estimated as some 7,000 men.Koser’s statement(2:25),to the effect that 53,121 men were counted at the crossing of the Oder, contradicts p.37,where only 49,000 men are given. The origin of this error has already been discovered by Laubert, Die Schlacht bei Kunersdorf, p.52.
1700085333
1700085334
41.This argumentation appears again and again in Masslowski, Der Siebenjährige Krieg nach russischer Darstellung(translated by Drygalski).
1700085335
1700085336
42.Clausewitz claimed to find this lack of caution so extreme that it was “hardly possible to explain it, to say nothing of excusing it.” The explanation is found in the study by Ludwig Mollwo, Marburg dissertation,1893. It is to be found in the concept of the “unassailable position,” so characteristic of that period. The king assumed as certain that the Austrians were about to evacuate Saxony and that they would not attack. But Daun recognized his advantage, summoned up his courage, attacked Finck, and overpowered him with his large superiority, and that all the more easily since the Prussian troops consisted partially of captured Russians who had come over to their service and impressed Saxons.
1700085337
1700085338
43.In the Brandenburgisch-Preussische Forschungen,2(1889):263,Herrmann published a letter from Gaudy to Prince Henry, dated 11 December 1760,in which he says that “unfortunate cannon shots” were the cause of the premature attack. He says that the cavalry and artillery were also not yet in place.
1700085339
1700085340
44.Daniels, Preussische Jahrbücher,78:137.
1700085341
1700085342
45.Arneth,6:259.
1700085343
1700085344
46.On 30 June Tschernyscheff’s Russian corps joined forces with the Prussians, and on 1 July the advance of the combined armies began. On 18 July came the news of the abdication of Czar Peter.During this time Frederick could have fought a battle with considerable superiority, if he had planned for it. But he planned to do so only in case the Austrians would have been obliged to detach a part of their army against the Turks.
1700085345
1700085346
7 战略家腓特烈
1700085347
1700085348
1.This is very clearly described by General von Caemmerer in Defense and Weapons(Wehr und Waffen),2:101.
1700085349
1700085350
2.When the True Advice(Frundsberg)requires “10,000 foot soldiers,1,500 saddle horses, and appropriate field pieces” against a powerful enemy, that, too, has the flavor of a “normal army.”
1700085351
1700085352
3.Susane, Histoire de l’infanterie française,1:106.
1700085353
1700085354
4.Collected Writings(Gesammelte Schriften),1:327,364.
1700085355
1700085356
5.Essai général de Tactique,2:41,Ed.of 1772.
1700085357
1700085358
6.Jähns,3:2861.
1700085359
1700085360
7.Bülow, Spirit of the Newer Military System(Geist des neueren Kriegssystems),p.209.
1700085361
1700085362
8.In the General-Prinzipien(1748)in the article on the campaign plans. In the “Réflexions sur la tactique”(1758),Oeuvres,28:155. To Prince Henry, dated 8 March 1760,15 November 1760,21 April 1761,24 May 1761,15 June 1761. In the introduction to the History of the Seven Years’War(Geschichte des Siebenjährigen Krieges).
1700085363
1700085364
Marlborough wrote in a similar way to his friend Godolphin after his victory at Oudenarde, saying that if it had not been absolutely necessary, he would have avoided exposing himself to the dangerous chances of a battle. Coxe, Marlborough, Life and Letters.
1700085365
1700085366
9.For example, on 15 and 16 August 1761,where, with considerable superiority, he could have attacked a Russian corps. Bernhardi, Friedrich der Grosse als Feldherr,2:358 ff.,describes the situation very clearly and finds the explanation only in a kind of mood, that is, that the king had determined to fight the Austrians, and not the Russians in an open battle.
1700085367
1700085368
10.Guibert, Essai général de tactique,1:33:“Everywhere that the king of Prussia could maneuver, he had successes. Almost everywhere that he was forced to do battle, he was beaten—events that prove to what extent his troops were superior in tactics, even if they were not in courage.”
1700085369
1700085370
第四篇 国民军时代
1700085371
1700085372
1 革命与入侵
1700085373
1700085374
1.Contributions to the Art of War(Beyträge zur Kriegskunst),Vol.II, foreword.
1700085375
1700085376
2.General Lloyd’s Treatise on the General Principles of the Art of War(Des H. General von Lloyds Abhandlung über die allgemeinen Grundsätze der Kriegskunst),German edition, p.18.
1700085377
1700085378
3.Frederick wrote to Fouqué in 1758:“Cannon fire and musket fire upward from a lower position have no effect, and to attack the enemy with firing from below means fighting against weapons with sticks; it is impossible.”
1700085379
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70008533e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]