1700088659 5.Lysias, Mantitheus 16.15. The speaker, Mantitheus, boasts:“There was an expedition to Corinth, and everyone knew ahead of time that it would be a dangerous undertaking. Although some were shirking back, I arranged it so that I might fight our enemies in the front line. And our phyle had the worst luck and suffered the worst losses among its own men. I quit the field later than that excellent man from Steiria who has been accusing everyone of cowardice.”* For this fine quotation I am indebted to the book Warfare of Antiquity（Das Kriegswesen des Altertums），by Hugo Liers, p.46.

1700088660

1700088661 6.Concerning the combination of Spartiates and Perioeci in the same military formation, see Bauer, paras.18，19，and 23，and, now at the center of a lively controversy, Kromayer, Klio 3（1903）：177 ff, and Beloch, Klio 6：63. On this occasion the following splendid evidence of the importance of the first rank has come to light. Isocrates, Panathenaicus 180.271，writes: “For in the campaign that the king led, they arranged them man by man in rank with themselves, and they also stationed some men in the first rank.”*

1700088662

1700088663 7.Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.3.25. For further information on this point, see below, Book II, Chapter V.

1700088664

1700088665 8.Xenophon, Hellenica 6.2.21.

1700088666

1700088667 9.Thucydides, too, reports that the Lacedaemonians, specifically, did not normally carry the pursuit far（5.73）. Helbig，“On the Original Period of the Closed Phalanx”（Uber die Einführungszeit der geschlossenen Phalanx”）Sitzungs-Bericht der Bayerischen Akademie 1911，believes, based on insufficient sources, that the Chalcidians formed the first phalanx.

1700088668

1700088669 3　希腊军队的实际兵力　无

1700088670

1700088671 4　波斯军队

1700088672

1700088673 1.Verse 25：“Those who subdue with the bow, and the horsemen”*

1700088674

1700088675 Verse 82：“He leads spear-subduing Ares against men famed for the spear.”*

1700088676

1700088677 Verse 133：“Whether it is the drawing of the bow or the strength of the spear-headed lance that has prevailed.”*

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1700088679 Verse 226：“Is it the bow-stretching arrow that is strong in their hands? Not at all: they have lances for close fights and shields to use as armor.”*

1700088680

1700088681 Verse 864：“Those who subdue with the bow.”*

1700088682

1700088683 Herodotus says the same thing in 9. 18 and 9.49. Also a consecration formula of Simonides（fragment 143，Bergk）states: “These bows which are now finished with tearful warfare lie under the roof of Athena’s temple; often, mournfully, in the melee, they were bathed in the blood of the man-destroying horsemen of Persia.”*

1700088684

1700088685 Likewise, fragment 97，Bergk, p. 452. Colonel Billerbeck in his study “Susa” calls attention to the fact that the reliefs show the principal weapon of the Iranians to have been not the bow, but the lance. Not only the specific statements of the Greeks, but also, as we shall see, the course of events, point indisputably to the bow. We must leave it to the specialists to clarify the reliefs.

1700088686

1700088687 2.Herodotus 7.61 and 9.22.

1700088688

1700088689 3. The nature of the Persian Empire as a feudal nation has recently been studied and described still further by Georg Husing in an essay “Porusatis and the Achamandish Feudal System”（“Porusatis und das achamanidische Lehenswesen”），Berichte des Forschungs-Instituts für Osten und Orient in Wien, Vol.2，1918.

1700088690

1700088691 4.“The Persians were not inferior in either courage or bodily strength, but being unarmed and untrained, they were not the equals of their enemies in respect to skill”*（Herodotus 9. 62，on the battle of Plataea）.

1700088692

1700088693 5　马拉松会战

1700088694

1700088695 1. The passage reads: “Sub montis radicibus acie regione instructa non apertissima proelium commiserunt, namque arbores multis locis erant rarae, hoc consilio, ut et montium altitudine tegerentur et arborum tractu equitatus hostium impediretur, ne multitudine clauderentur.”（“The line was drawn up at the base of a mountain, where the plain was not totally open—for there were trees here and there in many places—ana they joined battle. Their plan was to protect themselves by the height of the mountains, and to keep the enemy’s cavalry back, impeded by the scattered trees, so that they themselves would not be overcome by the enemy’s superior numbers.”）Instead of “arbores rarae，”A.Buchner（Corn. Hepotis vitae cum Augusti Buchneri commentario. Francof.a. Lipsiae，1721）has proposed that one should read “stratae，” which is actually more appropriate, but is no longer necessary, since one reads, instead of “nova arte, vi summa，”“non apertissima.”

1700088696

1700088697 2.Lieutenant General von Quistorp, Supplements to the Military Weekly（Beihefte zum Militär-Wochenblatt）1897，p.186.

1700088698

1700088699 3.Even a phalanx of professional soldiers, such as the mercenaries of Cyrus, is incapable of moving forward in orderly fashion for a considerable distance at a run.“They shouted to one another not to run headlong, but to pursue the enemy in order，”* Xenophon tells us in Anabasis 1.8.19.

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1700088701 Caesar, in Bell Gall. 2.18 ff.，recounts how the Nervii, suddenly attacking his soldiers, rushed 200 paces down a hill, across the 3-feet-deep Sambre, and then stormed up a hill. That is a very great accomplishment, but it does not permit a comparison with Marathon, since（1）the Gauls were not, under any circumstances, as heavily armored as the Athenian hoplites，（2）the run was broken up by the fording of the river，（3）the entire distance is not mentioned at all, and（4）the Gauls, falling on the Romans as they were digging in, did not need to rely on their own tactical alignment.

1700088702

1700088703 In Bell Gall. 3.19，the Gauls suddenly attack a Roman camp and cover 1，000 paces—8 stadia—with a great run（“magno cursu”）. They arrive so exhausted and breathless that they cannot cope with the Romans, who make a sally, and they immediately take flight. Of itself, however, this incident is not conclusive, since the run was uphill and the Gauls were carrying fascines. One might also well question whether the 1，000 paces were covered at an uninterrupted, actual run, since it was not a question of an ordered phalanx, in which all must move at the same tempo if no disorder is to occur, but rather of an unaligned mass, in which a man who runs short of breath can slow down for a while.

1700088704

1700088705 4.A brook divides the Vrana valley into two parts. Although it is not really deep even today, it nevertheless necessarily had a considerably disruptive effect on the advance of a closed and well-ordered phalanx. Possibly Miltiades did not have the valley narrowed on both sides by abatis, but blocked off one side completely, from the mountain to the brook.

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1700088707 5.Cyrus speaks as follows in the Cyropaedia 5.4.44.“To move forward and to move laterally are not the same. For the man moves forward who is of such a mind as to believe that he is best able to fight—on the other hand, one has to move by laterally with an extended column of wagons and a long-drawn-out pack train. The whole formation, however, must be covered by armed men and the pack train must never appear to the enemy to be unprotected. Necessarily, then, in such a movement the armed part of the formation is disposed thinly and weakly.”

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