1700095760

1700095761 7.“et dum ibi resideret multotiens scaras misit, et per semet ipsum iter peregit; Saxones, qui rebelles fuerunt, depraedavit et castra coepit et loca eorum munita intervenit et vias mundavit.”（“and while he was residing there, he often sent out his scarae and made a campaign on his own; he plundered the Saxons who were rebels, captured their camp, disrupted their fortified positions, and cleared the roads.”）The “vias mundavit” has previously—and also very recently, by Mühlbacher, German History under the Carolingians（Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern），p.134—been translated as “cleared the routes，” which would therefore be understood as meaning cleared off guerrilla bands or robbers. But this interpretation hardly seems acceptable, since such bands were normally not on the routes but hidden in the countryside. Consequently, I have no doubt at all that Rübel in Royal Courts（Reichshöfe），p.95，is correct when he translates it as “constructed passable routes.”

1700095762

1700095763 8.“On the Origin of the City of Hanover”（“Ueber den Ursprung der Stadt Hannover”），Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen，1903.

1700095764

1700095765 3　加洛林帝国、诺曼人与匈牙利人

1700095766

1700095767 1.Regino, for the year 882：“innumera multitudo peditum ex agris et villis in unum agmen conglobata eos quasi pugnatura aggreditur. Sed Normanni cernentes ignobile vulgus non tantum inerme quantum disciplina militari nudatum tanta caeda presternum, ut bruta animalia, non homines mactari viderentur.”（“A countless number of men on foot from the countryside and the villages massed into one column approached them as if about to attack. But the Normans, seeing that it was a low-born crowd not so much unarmed as deprived of training, overthrew them with so great a slaughter that dumb animals, not men, seemed to be killed.”）

1700095768

1700095769 第二篇　鼎盛时期的封建国家

1700095770

1700095771 1　加洛林帝国覆灭后国家的形成

1700095772

1700095773 1.In “Les grandes families comtales à l’époque carlovingienne，”Revue historique，72（1900）：72，Poupardin has shown that the number of these families was rather small. Most of them traced their origins to Austrasia and were located in the most varied parts of the kingdom. They were closely interrelated. They often had properties in very different regions. That point was very important in the divisions into the various nations, since a person who had fallen into disfavor could easily move to another part of the kingdom. For this reason, the kings would not tolerate a person’s having fiefs simultaneously in various parts of the kingdom.

1700095774

1700095775 In “Social and Political Importance of the Control of Lands in the Early Middle Ages”（“Soziale und politische Bedeutung der Grundherrschaft im früheren Mittelalter”），Abhandlungen der historischen-philosophischen Klasse der Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft, Vol.22，Seeliger has successfully explained, in my opinion, that the significance of the privileges for the formation of the great lords’areas has been exaggerated. The important aspect of the public power always remained with the counties, and it was from them, and not from the great domains, that the later authorities of the nation sprang.

1700095776

1700095777 This point alone also explains why such small differences are to be seen between the Romanic and Germanic areas, a point that Seeliger did not raise. He also passed over the fundamental fact that the position of count became a fief and why this occurred, but these points can easily be added to his explanation to complete the basic concept. This is not the place to go into the special controversies that Seeliger’s studies have touched off.

1700095778

1700095779 2.In Mitteilungen des österreichischen Instituts，17（1896）: 165，Rodenberg quite correctly observes that Henry did not introduce anything completely new, but he holds fast to the idea that he did not just simply revive Carolingian arrangements. It would also be a false concept to say that he only “revived old arrangements.” In the first place, even a “simple renewal” always brings some changes of detail, and in the second place, the principal point is the great reinforcement of military power associated with the renewal, which was, of course, accompanied by very heavy new burdens（as, for example, the reorganization of the Prussian army by William I）. The accomplishment was therefore an important political deed.

1700095780

1700095781 3.In this connection, see also the excursus of Chapter II, Book III, below，“German Combat Methods on Foot and Horseback，” p.291.

1700095782

1700095783 4.Waitz, Heinrich I，3d ed.，p.101 and elsewhere.

1700095784

1700095785 5.Nitzsch, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes，1：306.

1700095786

1700095787 6.This point is not contradicted by the fact that the feudal lord held strictly to the obligation of his enfeoffed vassals to obey the summons for war. The law books also contain the strictest regulations on this point. But we already know from the Carolingian period that the strictness of the obligation did not mean that it always had to be accomplished in person. Rather, it could be satisfied with money, and for that very reason, and not because he would otherwise have had no men, the lord did not permit any modifications. The later supplements to the Roncaglian edicts of Frederick I required that the vassal provide a suitable substitute or pay half of the annual produce of his fief. Waitz，8：145. In the corresponding Saxon code, he had to pay only a tenth of his annual income, Lehnrechte，4：3. Auct.vet.，1：13. Deutschenspiegel Lehnrechte，11. Schwabenspiegel Lehnrechte，8. According to Rosenhagen, Zur Geschichte der Reichsheerfahrt, p.59.

1700095788

1700095789 7.Waitz，8：100.

1700095790

1700095791 8.Baltzer, p.23. Rosenhagen, p.18.

1700095792

1700095793 9.Annales Colonienses maximi. SS（Greatest Annals of Cologne. Historians in the M.G.series），17：843，now Chronica regia Coloniensis continuatio quarta（Royal Chronicles of Cologne, Fourth Continuation），p.265.“In campis Lici secus Augustam fere 6 milia militum in exercitu region sunt inventa.”（“In the area of Licum near Augusta almost 6，000 soldiers were found in the royal army.”）The only other example of a counting of troops that I have noted is from the fourteenth century: Christian Küchemeister, Neue Kasus Monst.St. Galli. Abbot Berthold（1244-1272）moved to the aid of the count of Hapsburg against the bishop of Basel with recruited knights and soldiers “and brought him more than 300 knights and soldiers, all of whom were counted at Säckingen above Brugg.”Historischer Verein von St. Gallen，1（1862）：19.

1700095794

1700095795 10.We now see as pointless the frequently discussed controversy as to whether only royal fiefs, or also fiefs granted by lords, or also allodia, carried obligations for military service under the king, and whether such obligations differed under varying conditions.（Weiland，“The Campaign of the Royal Army”[“Die Reichsheerfahrt”]，Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, Vol. VII；Baltzer, On the History of the German Military Organization[Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Kriegsverfassung]，Chap.1，para.3；Rosenhagen，“On the History of the Royal Army Campaign from Henry VI to Rudolf von Hapsburg”[“Zur Geschichte der Reichsheerfahrt von Heinrich VI.bis Rudolf von Habsburg”]，Leipzig dissertation，1885.）Anyone directly enfeoffed as a prince by the king was obliged to report with a troop of such strength as he himself determined and which he himself raised. It was up to him as to the extent to which he drew upon his fief and his allodia. Naturally, the king had no claim on the subvassals, but, on the basis of the royal levy, their lord ordered them to participate, or they were relieved of that responsibility through a contribution determined by custom and agreement. Allodial possessions within a county—a question that Heusler, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, p.137，still believes will never be solved—were also taxed by the count in accordance with custom, on the basis of the royal levy. Naturally, nobody was free from the military burden except in cases of specific privileges. The king placed the same requirements on his royal ministeriales that the princes placed on theirs. The conditions of those freemen of the kingdom who were not princes, conditions originating in the thirteenth century, form a special case which we need not consider here.

1700095796

1700095797 From the contributions which the cities made for the army campaigns, there developed the city taxes which the emperors later demanded from the free cities. These taxes give positive testimony that it was not just the royal fiefs that were called on for service to the emperor, a point that would, of course, be taken for granted under any circumstances. See Rosenhagen, p.67，and Zeumer, German City Taxes in the Middle Ages（Deutsche Städtesteuern im Mittelalter）.

1700095798

1700095799 11.Hegel, Städteverfassungen，2：191.

1700095800

1700095801 12.The last point represents Waitz’s opinion. Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte，8：133.

1700095802

1700095803 13.Baltzer, On the History of the German Military System（Zur Geschichte des deutschen Kriegswesens），Chap.1，Sect.5，“The Strengths of the Contingents，” has already correctly recognized and given an excellent discussion of these conditions. I refer the reader to his work for the details and the cited passages. The only point on which I disagree is that Baltzer pictures the situation, as I have described it, as existing only from Henry IV on, and he believes that in earlier periods definite numbers, differing according to the situation, had been required, as in the order of Otto II. For my part, I date the feudal organization, which only exceptionally necessitated the use of such specific numerical requirements, as early as the period of Henry I and thereafter.

1700095804

1700095805 14.Jaffé，Bibl.，1：514.

1700095806

1700095807 15.Bibliography on this subject is to be found in Brunner, Principal Features of German Legal History（Grundzüge der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte），2d ed.，p. III, and Waitz, Verfassungsgeschichte, V，2d ed.，p.342.

1700095808

1700095809 Of particular importance in this connection are the Latin and German versions of the Laws for the Serving Men of the Archbishop of Cologne（Recht der Dienstmannen des Erzbischofs von Köln），ed.Frensdorff，1883，as well as the “constitutio de expeditione Romana”（“Ordinance concerning a Roman expedition”），although the latter, presumably a decree of Charlemagne, is fraudulent. According to Scheffer-Boichorst, Zeitschrift für Geschichte des Oberrheins，42（1888）：173，repeated in the collection On the History of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries（Zur Geschichte des 12.und 13. Jahrhunderts），1897，this fraudulent document was composed around 1154 in the monastery of Reichenau in Swabia. The purpose was to specify, in the interest of the authorities, the obligations and rights of the ministeriales of the monastery, who were full of demands. Reprinted in M.G. LL，2.2.2. See also “Das Weissenburger Dienstrecht” in Giesebrecht, History of the German Imperial Period（Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit），Vol.II, appendix.

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