1700095920
1700095921
18.Cunningham, The Growth of English Industry and Commerce，3d ed.，1：196.
1700095922
1700095923
19.In 1294，the clergy provided one-half, the earls, barons, and knights one-tenth, and the cities one-sixth.
1700095924
1700095925
In 1295，the clergy provided one-tenth, the nobles one-eleventh, and the cities one-seventh.
1700095926
1700095927
In 1307，one-fifteenth was provided; that amounted to 40，000 pounds for all of England.
1700095928
1700095929
20.Stubbs, Select Charters, p.255（from Roger of Hoveden）.
1700095930
1700095931
21.Constitutional History of England，1：573.
1700095932
1700095933
6意大利的诺曼人国家
1700095934
1700095935
1.Lupus Protospatharius, Mon. Germ. SS.，5.52，gives the strength for Olivento as 3，000. Gaufredus Malaterra, in his History of Sicily（Geschichte Siciliens），Muratori, SS.，5.533 ff.，gives 500. William of Apulia, in his epic poem which he dedicated to Robert Guiscard’s son（Mon. Germ. SS.，9-239 ff.），gives the number as 1，200. The reported strength for the battle of Cannae is given in the Annals of Barri, Mon. Germ.，5.51 ff. All these points are taken from von Heinemann, History of the Normans in Lower Italy（Geschichte der Normannen in Unteritalien），p.359.
1700095936
1700095937
2.von Heinemann, History of the Normans, p.113.
1700095938
1700095939
3.von Heinemann, p.207.
1700095940
1700095941
4.von Heinemann, p.311.
1700095942
1700095943
5.von Heinemann, p.325.
1700095944
1700095945
6.von Heinemann, pp.330，333.
1700095946
1700095947
7.Ryccardus de San Germano, M.G. SS.，19.369，anno 1233. P.376：“vocat ad se … omnes barones et milites infeudatos”（“he calls to himself … all barons and enfeoffed knights”）.
1700095948
1700095949
8.Ryccardus de San Germano, M.G. SS.，19.348: “statuens ut singuli feudatarii darent de unoquoque feudo octo uncias auri et de singulis octo feudis militem unum in proximo futuro mense Maii”（“decreeing that all vassals should give from each fief 8 ounces of gold and from every eight fiefs one knight in the next month of May”）.
1700095950
1700095951
7 拜占庭
1700095952
1700095953
1.We would be able to state this characteristic definitely if the Strategikon that has been passed down under his name was actually written by him. However, this is very doubtful. See pp.193，198，below.
1700095954
1700095955
2.Zachariä von Lingenthal, History of Greco-Roman Law（Geschichte des griechisch-römischen Rechts），3d ed.，p.271，para.63.
1700095956
1700095957
3.Les exploits de Digénis Akritas. Epopée byzantine du Xieme siècle, publiée par G. Sathas et E. Legrand. Paris，1875.
1700095958
1700095959
4.Zachariä von Lingenthal, Geschichte des griechisch-römischen Rechts，3d ed.，p.265.
1700095960
1700095961
5.Carl Neumann, World Position of the Byzantine Empire（Welts-tellung des byzantinischen Reichs），p.58.
1700095962
1700095963
6.Zachariä von Lingenthal, p.273，Note 916.
1700095964
1700095965
7.Zachariä von Lingenthal, p.273. Neumann, p.56，states that the threefold increase can be explained by the increased requirement for military preparations and performance. But such an increase can hardly have taken place; for a long time already, military service had meant service on horseback. But Neumann immediately adds that the increase indicated the intention of giving up the restoration of small landholdings as unsuccessful and unnecessary. This may well be correct.
1700095966
1700095967
8.Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio（On Ruling the Empire），Chap.5 2. Joh. Meursii opera（Works of John Meursius），6：1110. For other evidence, see Carl Neumann, Die Weltstellung des byzantinischen Reiches vor den Kreuzzügen，1894，pp.68 and 69-Note, for example, from Constantine IX: “He paid large fees for soldiers.”* Cedrenus，2：608.
1700095968
1700095969
9.Excerpta Johannis Scylitzae Curopalatae（Excerpts of John Scylitzes Curopalates），SS. Byzantini（Bonn）. Cedrenus，2：662.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70009592e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]