1700095970

1700095971 10.“Inexperienced in war, without horses, almost without arms and naked, and not even having daily supplies, they underwent many desperate straits and returned to their own land without glory.”*

1700095972

1700095973 11.Neumann, pp.60，68. Gustave Schlumberger, Nicéphore Phocas, Paris，1890，pp.532-533. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, p.985.

1700095974

1700095975 12.Neumann, p.67，presumes that the west, more thickly inhabited by barbarians, lagged behind the east culturally and was therefore incapable of paying taxes in currency.

1700095976

1700095977 13.Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：170.

1700095978

1700095979 14.Book IV, Chap.4，Ed. Bonn, p.134.

1700095980

1700095981 15.Taken from the listing in Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs，1：552，674，which includes, however, a few cases that are not completely confirmed.

1700095982

1700095983 8　阿拉伯人

1700095984

1700095985 1.In the Cultural History of the Orient under the Caliphs（Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen），by Alfred von Kremer（Vienna，1875），there is a chapter on the military system（pp.203-255）in which the source reports are assembled quite completely but without analysis and without any military-objective understanding. I have not drawn anything from this work.

1700095986

1700095987 2.August Müller, Geschichte des Islam，1：31.

1700095988

1700095989 3.Wellhausen，“Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam，”Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Phil. Hist. Kl.，New Series，5.2.10.

1700095990

1700095991 4.Edited and translated by F. Wüstenfeld in the Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Vol.26（1880）. This work consists in part of a translation and revision of Aelian’s Tactics and must therefore, of course, be used with caution.

1700095992

1700095993 5.Müller，1：164.

1700095994

1700095995 6.Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen，1：30.

1700095996

1700095997 7.Weil，1：60.

1700095998

1700095999 8.Müller, p.238.

1700096000

1700096001 9.Müller, p.243.

1700096002

1700096003 10.Müller，1：252，note.

1700096004

1700096005 11.Müller，1：222.

1700096006

1700096007 12.Of course, not in one move. The events took place in the following sequence: in 641 the Arabs conquered Egypt; in 643 or 644 they took Tripoli. In 648-649 Moawija, as governor of Syria, built a fleet. The governor of Egypt did likewise. In 647-648 the latter, with 20，000 men, conquered Carthage but then left the country again. In the following decades, frequent raids were made from Tripoli into Tunis. In 683 the Arabs suffered a defeat, lost Tripoli, and were thrown back to Barca. In 696 Hassan arrived with 40，000 men and stormed Carthage. After a few reverses, when a Greek fleet was in action, the subjugation of the entire area up to the ocean was completed between 706 and 709. The Berbers joined Islam.

1700096008

1700096009 13.Cited by Wüstenfeld, p.24. See also p.27，where the temptation to break out of ranks in battle is expressly opposed with an indication for the necessary obedience.

1700096010

1700096011 14.Weil，1：42.

1700096012

1700096013 9　十字军东征综述

1700096014

1700096015 1.“Army Strengths in the Crusades”（“Die Heereszahlen in den Kreuzzügen”），Berlin dissertation，1907（Georg Nauck, publisher）. This work studies particularly the Third and Fourth Crusades.

1700096016

1700096017 2.Opera St.Bernhardi（Works of St. Bernard），ed. Mabillon，1：549. From the translation in Wilcken, Kreuzzüge，2：555.

1700096018

1700096019 3.The principal source for the knightly orders is found in the statutes with their later supplements, the various editions of which and all the related subject matter have been completely clarified only in the last few decades. See Schnürer, The Original Regulations of the Knights Templars（Die ursprüngliche Templerregel）.（In the Studien und Darstellungen auf dem Gebiet der Geschichte, edited by Grauert，3：1-2）. Freiburg，1903. The Regulations of the Templars（La Règie du Temple），Paris，1886，contains a critical editing by E.de Curzon. With this edition as a base, the reading of this work has been made available to a broad public in the most praiseworthy way by a translation in the book Die Templerregel, translated from the Old French and accompanied by explanatory notes by Dr. R. Körner, Jena，1902. As an appendix to his Cultural History of the Crusades（Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzüge），Prutz reprinted the Regulations of the Order of St. John, in Latin. The Regulations of the Teutonic Order, with all the Supplementary Laws and Customs（Die Regel des deutschen Ordens, mit alien nachträglichen Gesetzen und Gewohnheiten）was published in exemplary fashion in the five texts in which it has been retained（Latin, French, Dutch, German, and Low German）by Perlbach, Halle，1890.

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70009597e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]