1700095937
2.von Heinemann, History of the Normans, p.113.
1700095938
1700095939
3.von Heinemann, p.207.
1700095940
1700095941
4.von Heinemann, p.311.
1700095942
1700095943
5.von Heinemann, p.325.
1700095944
1700095945
6.von Heinemann, pp.330，333.
1700095946
1700095947
7.Ryccardus de San Germano, M.G. SS.，19.369，anno 1233. P.376：“vocat ad se … omnes barones et milites infeudatos”（“he calls to himself … all barons and enfeoffed knights”）.
1700095948
1700095949
8.Ryccardus de San Germano, M.G. SS.，19.348: “statuens ut singuli feudatarii darent de unoquoque feudo octo uncias auri et de singulis octo feudis militem unum in proximo futuro mense Maii”（“decreeing that all vassals should give from each fief 8 ounces of gold and from every eight fiefs one knight in the next month of May”）.
1700095950
1700095951
7 拜占庭
1700095952
1700095953
1.We would be able to state this characteristic definitely if the Strategikon that has been passed down under his name was actually written by him. However, this is very doubtful. See pp.193，198，below.
1700095954
1700095955
2.Zachariä von Lingenthal, History of Greco-Roman Law（Geschichte des griechisch-römischen Rechts），3d ed.，p.271，para.63.
1700095956
1700095957
3.Les exploits de Digénis Akritas. Epopée byzantine du Xieme siècle, publiée par G. Sathas et E. Legrand. Paris，1875.
1700095958
1700095959
4.Zachariä von Lingenthal, Geschichte des griechisch-römischen Rechts，3d ed.，p.265.
1700095960
1700095961
5.Carl Neumann, World Position of the Byzantine Empire（Welts-tellung des byzantinischen Reichs），p.58.
1700095962
1700095963
6.Zachariä von Lingenthal, p.273，Note 916.
1700095964
1700095965
7.Zachariä von Lingenthal, p.273. Neumann, p.56，states that the threefold increase can be explained by the increased requirement for military preparations and performance. But such an increase can hardly have taken place; for a long time already, military service had meant service on horseback. But Neumann immediately adds that the increase indicated the intention of giving up the restoration of small landholdings as unsuccessful and unnecessary. This may well be correct.
1700095966
1700095967
8.Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio（On Ruling the Empire），Chap.5 2. Joh. Meursii opera（Works of John Meursius），6：1110. For other evidence, see Carl Neumann, Die Weltstellung des byzantinischen Reiches vor den Kreuzzügen，1894，pp.68 and 69-Note, for example, from Constantine IX: “He paid large fees for soldiers.”* Cedrenus，2：608.
1700095968
1700095969
9.Excerpta Johannis Scylitzae Curopalatae（Excerpts of John Scylitzes Curopalates），SS. Byzantini（Bonn）. Cedrenus，2：662.
1700095970
1700095971
10.“Inexperienced in war, without horses, almost without arms and naked, and not even having daily supplies, they underwent many desperate straits and returned to their own land without glory.”*
1700095972
1700095973
11.Neumann, pp.60，68. Gustave Schlumberger, Nicéphore Phocas, Paris，1890，pp.532-533. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, p.985.
1700095974
1700095975
12.Neumann, p.67，presumes that the west, more thickly inhabited by barbarians, lagged behind the east culturally and was therefore incapable of paying taxes in currency.
1700095976
1700095977
13.Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：170.
1700095978
1700095979
14.Book IV, Chap.4，Ed. Bonn, p.134.
1700095980
1700095981
15.Taken from the listing in Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs，1：552，674，which includes, however, a few cases that are not completely confirmed.
1700095982
1700095983
8 阿拉伯人
1700095984
1700095985
1.In the Cultural History of the Orient under the Caliphs（Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen），by Alfred von Kremer（Vienna，1875），there is a chapter on the military system（pp.203-255）in which the source reports are assembled quite completely but without analysis and without any military-objective understanding. I have not drawn anything from this work.
1700095986
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.700095937e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]