1700095960
1700095961
5.Carl Neumann, World Position of the Byzantine Empire（Welts-tellung des byzantinischen Reichs），p.58.
1700095962
1700095963
6.Zachariä von Lingenthal, p.273，Note 916.
1700095964
1700095965
7.Zachariä von Lingenthal, p.273. Neumann, p.56，states that the threefold increase can be explained by the increased requirement for military preparations and performance. But such an increase can hardly have taken place; for a long time already, military service had meant service on horseback. But Neumann immediately adds that the increase indicated the intention of giving up the restoration of small landholdings as unsuccessful and unnecessary. This may well be correct.
1700095966
1700095967
8.Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio（On Ruling the Empire），Chap.5 2. Joh. Meursii opera（Works of John Meursius），6：1110. For other evidence, see Carl Neumann, Die Weltstellung des byzantinischen Reiches vor den Kreuzzügen，1894，pp.68 and 69-Note, for example, from Constantine IX: “He paid large fees for soldiers.”* Cedrenus，2：608.
1700095968
1700095969
9.Excerpta Johannis Scylitzae Curopalatae（Excerpts of John Scylitzes Curopalates），SS. Byzantini（Bonn）. Cedrenus，2：662.
1700095970
1700095971
10.“Inexperienced in war, without horses, almost without arms and naked, and not even having daily supplies, they underwent many desperate straits and returned to their own land without glory.”*
1700095972
1700095973
11.Neumann, pp.60，68. Gustave Schlumberger, Nicéphore Phocas, Paris，1890，pp.532-533. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, p.985.
1700095974
1700095975
12.Neumann, p.67，presumes that the west, more thickly inhabited by barbarians, lagged behind the east culturally and was therefore incapable of paying taxes in currency.
1700095976
1700095977
13.Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：170.
1700095978
1700095979
14.Book IV, Chap.4，Ed. Bonn, p.134.
1700095980
1700095981
15.Taken from the listing in Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs，1：552，674，which includes, however, a few cases that are not completely confirmed.
1700095982
1700095983
8 阿拉伯人
1700095984
1700095985
1.In the Cultural History of the Orient under the Caliphs（Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen），by Alfred von Kremer（Vienna，1875），there is a chapter on the military system（pp.203-255）in which the source reports are assembled quite completely but without analysis and without any military-objective understanding. I have not drawn anything from this work.
1700095986
1700095987
2.August Müller, Geschichte des Islam，1：31.
1700095988
1700095989
3.Wellhausen，“Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam，”Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Phil. Hist. Kl.，New Series，5.2.10.
1700095990
1700095991
4.Edited and translated by F. Wüstenfeld in the Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Vol.26（1880）. This work consists in part of a translation and revision of Aelian’s Tactics and must therefore, of course, be used with caution.
1700095992
1700095993
5.Müller，1：164.
1700095994
1700095995
6.Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen，1：30.
1700095996
1700095997
7.Weil，1：60.
1700095998
1700095999
8.Müller, p.238.
1700096000
1700096001
9.Müller, p.243.
1700096002
1700096003
10.Müller，1：252，note.
1700096004
1700096005
11.Müller，1：222.
1700096006
1700096007
12.Of course, not in one move. The events took place in the following sequence: in 641 the Arabs conquered Egypt; in 643 or 644 they took Tripoli. In 648-649 Moawija, as governor of Syria, built a fleet. The governor of Egypt did likewise. In 647-648 the latter, with 20，000 men, conquered Carthage but then left the country again. In the following decades, frequent raids were made from Tripoli into Tunis. In 683 the Arabs suffered a defeat, lost Tripoli, and were thrown back to Barca. In 696 Hassan arrived with 40，000 men and stormed Carthage. After a few reverses, when a Greek fleet was in action, the subjugation of the entire area up to the ocean was completed between 706 and 709. The Berbers joined Islam.
1700096008
1700096009
13.Cited by Wüstenfeld, p.24. See also p.27，where the temptation to break out of ranks in battle is expressly opposed with an indication for the necessary obedience.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70009596e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]