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1700096221 In Hibernicis autem conflictibus et hoc summopefe curandum, ut semper arcarii militaribus turmis mixtim adjiciantur. Quatinus et lapidum, quorum ictibus graves et armatos cominus oppetere solent, et indemnes agilitatis beneficio, crebris accedere vicibus et acscedere, e diverso sagittis injuria propulsetur.（In Irish battles, however, you must greatly see to it that archers should be added in mixed fashion to knightly units since by benefit of their quickness they can safely attack and retreat repeatedly, and they may inflict injury with stones, by the blows of which they are accustomed to attack the heavily armored, and in a different manner with arrows.）

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1700096223 7.Gewohnheiten, Chap.61. Perlbach, p.116.

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1700096225 8.Gislebert, Chron. Han. M.G. SS.，21.522，describes a fight between Count Baldwin of Hainaut and the duke of Burgundy（1172）. Baldwin armed his “armigeri et garciones”（“squires and grooms”）so that they could defend themselves as foot soldiers. Delpech，1：306，understands that for this purpose he had them dismount. This point has been rejected by Köhler，3：2：83.There is no indication that they were mounted. And even if they should have been mounted, it was perhaps correct, as we have seen, to have them fight on foot. The passage reads as follows:

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1700096227 Cum comes Hanonienis in parte sua quinque terre sue milites secum haberet, et ex adversa parte eum duce Burgundie Henrico quamplures in superbia nimia, servientibus peditibus stipati, advenirent, comes Hanoniensis vivido ac prudente animo assumpto de armigeris suis et garcionibus clientes pedites ordinavit et eos quibus potuit armis quasi ad defensionem contra multos preparavit militibusque multis ex adversa parte constitutis viriliter restitit et eos expugnavit.（When the count of Hainaut on his side had five knights of his domain with him and on the enemy side a great many in excessive arrogance accompanied by sergeants as foot soldiers came against him with Henry the duke of Burgundy, the count of Hainaut, quickly hitting upon a sensible idea, ranged his squires and grooms as men-at-arms on foot and equipped them for defense against the many with what arms he could. After the many knights of the hostile party had been deployed, he resisted them bravely and defeated them.）

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1700096229 9.It is noteworthy in several respects that Vegetius（2.17 and 3.14）attributes this passive-defensive role to the infantry. He cannot have derived this from the classical Roman authors, for, of course, it was precisely through its offensive, its closed attack, that the ancient legion was most effective. If Vegetius explains this in the opposite manner, then he has taken that from his own contemporary period, and that is again proof that the true Roman method of warfare no longer existed in his time and that warfare then already had the character of the Middle Ages. This point has already been correctly observed by Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：186. It has, of course, been known for a long time that Vegetius had no sensitivity for the various periods. It would be a work of the highest value if someone succeeded, through a very careful analysis, in differentiating the various elements of his work from one another. But will that ever be possible?

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1700096231 10.In another passage, Chap.XVIII, para.69，it is recommended, on the contrary, that the horsemen be placed behind the foot soldiers when opposing the Turks. It is not clear how that is intended.

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1700096233 11.The passage in Gesta Roberti Wiscardi（Deeds of Robert Guiscard），I, v.260 ff.，which is interesting in a number of respects, reads as follows:

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1700096235 Artmati pedites dextrum laevumque monentur

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1700096237 Circumstare latus, aliquod sociantur equestres

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1700096239 Firmior ut peditum plebs sit comitantibus illis.

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1700096241 His interdicunt omnino recedere campo

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1700096243 Ut recipi valeant, si forte fugentur as hoste.

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1700096245 （The armed foot soldiers are instructed to surround the right and left flanks, and some horsemen are joined to them so that the mass of the foot soldiers may be stronger with their support. He absolutely forbids them to retreat from the field so that they can be rescued, if they should be put to flight by the enemy.）

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1700096247 12.“Tribus aciebus antepositis manus pedestris, ut has protegat et ab his protegatur, retro sistitur.”（“The band of foot soldiers stood in the rear with a triple battle line drawn up before it to protect them and to be protected by them.”）In the edition by Prutz, Source Contributions to the History of the Crusades（Quellenbeiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge），1：44.

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1700096249 Radulf, Gesta Tancredi（Deeds of Tancred），Chap. 32（Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. Occidentaux: Collection of the Historians of the Crusades. Occidentals，3：629）reports of the fleeing Turks: “nec fuga gyrum senserunt, adeo fugere est sperare salutem.”（“Nor in their flight did they even think of turning, to such an extent to flee is to hope for safety.”）According to the account, this refers to horsemen whom we cannot imagine as forming a tight group. That can perhaps be explained by the fact that the poet in his holy inspiration inadvertently attributed to the horsemen a picture from the actions of the fighters on foot.

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1700096251 13.William the Briton, Philippis, Book XI, verses 605-612（Duchesne，5：238）:

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1700096253 In peditum vallo totiens impune receptus

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1700096255 Nulla parte Comes metuebat ab hoste noceri

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1700096257 Hastatos etenim pedites invadere nostri

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1700096259 Horrebant equites, dum pugnant ensibus ipsi:

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1700096261 Atque armis brevibus, illos vero hasta cutellis

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1700096263 Longior et gladiis, et inextricabilis ordo

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1700096265 Circuitu triplici murorum ductus ad instar

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1700096267 Caute dispositos non permittebat adiri.

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1700096269 （After retreating safely so often to his rampart of foot soldiers, in no way did the count fear to be hurt by the enemy. And in fact our knights dread to attack foot soldiers with spears, while they themselves fight with swords. They have short weapons; the others indeed have a spear longer than knives or swords. And their unbreakable formation drawn up in a triple circuit like walls did not permit those cautiously disposed to come near.）

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