1700096170

1700096171 54.In the Templars’statutes it was expressly forbidden for a knight to strike servants who were in service through piety（Chap.51）. It was permissible to strike a slave（esclaf）with one’s stirrup leather when it was deserved, but it was forbidden to injure or maim him or place him in neck irons without higher authority（Chap.336）.

1700096172

1700096173 55.According to Rahewin, Book III. See Eisner, The Army Regulations of Frederick I of the Year 1158（Das Heergesetz Friedrichs I.vom Jahre 1158），Program of the Matthias Gymnasium in Breslau，1882.

1700096174

1700096175 56.Hälschner, Prussian Punitive Law（Preussisches Strafrecht），3：212.

1700096176

1700096177 57.Continuatio Reginonis（Continuation of Regino）for the year 920：“Multi enim illis temporibus, etiam nobiles, latrociniis insudabant.”（“In those times many in fact, even the nobles, engaged in robbery.”）Further citations are to be found in Baldamus, The Military System under the later Carolingians（Das Heerwesen unter den späteren Karolingern），p.18 ff.

1700096178

1700096179 58.See my review of this book in the Zeitschrift für Preussische Geschichte und Landeskunde，17：702.

1700096180

1700096181 59.M.G. SS.，222.

1700096182

1700096183 60.From this account it can also be seen how transitory and uncertain the meaning of the word “miles” still was at that time. In the first instance, where it is a question of the bishop’s contenting himself with a few “militibus”，it is obvious that “knights” are meant. Later, where the author wants to distinguish between knights and the common levy of troops conducting the siege, he calls the former “armati”—“heavily armed ones”—and the latter “milites gregarii.”Since they were often more than 1，000 strong, it is impossible that they could all have been professional warriors. Apparently, the bishop had his own military organization reinforced by the militia（Landsturm），the most useful peasants and peasants’sons. The same situation has already been reported to us, in fact, concerning the Burgundian King Gundobad and the king of the Goths, Totila（Vol.II, p.391）.

1700096184

1700096185 2　骑士制度的军事特征

1700096186

1700096187 1.Bell.Hispan.，Chap.15.

1700096188

1700096189 2.This is what the count of Artois called out before the battle of Courtrai（1302）（Spiegel historial, IV, Chap.25）：

1700096190

1700096191 Thus spoke Artois quite haughtily:

1700096192

1700096193 I am glad that they are formed thus；

1700096194

1700096195 We are on horseback, and they on foot.

1700096196

1700096197 A hundred horse and a thousand men

1700096198

1700096199 Are all the same.

1700096200

1700096201 3.Thucydides，5.57.2. Xenophon, Hellenica，7.5.23. Harp-okration. Perhaps also Polybius，11.21. Indirectly associated with this is the dismounting of horsemen in the fight. See the preceding excursus and Vol.I, p.538.

1700096202

1700096203 4.Potius equos quam homines offendatis, feriatis et cum gladii cuspide non cum acie ita quod equis hostium vestris ictibus succumbentibus, nostrorum peditum promta manus sessores equorum taliter prostratos ad terram et prae armorum gravidine lentos liberius excipiet et trucidet. Reguletor et aliter in primo conflictu probitas vestra. Singuli militis singulos juxta se pedites habeant, aut duo quilibet, si valeat, etiamsi non possit habere alios, quam ribaldos. Hos enim tam pro conficiendis equis hostilium, tam pro conterendis iis qui excutientur ab equis, experientia pugnae valde necessarios et utiles esse probat. Muratori SS（L.A. Muratori, Writers of Italian History），8.823.（You should hit the horses rather than the men, and you should strike with the tip of your sword, not with the edge, so that while the horses of the enemy are falling under your blows, the ready band of our foot soldiers may more freely catch the riders of the horses and kill them, thus lying on the ground and slow by the weight of their armor. Otherwise let your fitness be directed on the first clash. Every knight should have a foot soldier beside him, or two if he can, even if he should not be able to have other than grooms. In fact, experience of battle strongly proves that they are necessary and useful for destroying the horses of the enemy as well as killing those who will be shaken off by their horses.）

1700096204

1700096205 5.Dusburg Capitulary，104（99）. SS. Rer. Pruss.，Vol.I.

1700096206

1700096207 6.Expugnatio Hibernica. Opera V.（Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores）（The Conquest of Ireland. Works V.[Writers of British History of the Middle Ages]），p.395. I have already cited a passage from this work above.

1700096208

1700096209 Novi vero, quamquam in terra sua milites egregii fuerint, et armis instructissimi, Gallica tamen militia multum ab Hibernica, sicut et a Kambrica distare dinoscitur. Ibi namque plana petuntur, hie aspera; ibi campestria hic silvestria; ibi arma honori, hic oneri; ibi stabilitate vincitur hic agilitate; ibi capiuntur milites, hic decapitantur; ibi redimuntur, hic perimuntur.（As in truth I know, although knights were outstanding in their own land and most learned in arms, French military service, however, is known to differ greatly from the Irish as well as the Welsh. And in fact there level areas are sought, here rough; there open fields, here forests; there armor is an honor, here a burden; there they conquer by steadfastness, here by nimbleness; there knights are captured, here they are decapitated; there they are ransomed, here they are killed.）

1700096210

1700096211 Sicut igitur ubi militares acies de piano conveniunt, gravis ilia et multiplex armatura, tam linea scilicet quam ferrea, milites egregrie munit et ornat, sic ubi solum in arcto confligitur, seu loco silvestri seu palulustri, ubi pedites potius quam equites locum habent, longe levis armatura praestantior. Contra inermes namque viros, quibus semper in primo fere impetu vel parta est statim vel perdita victoria, expeditiora satis arma suffìciunt; ubi fugitivam et agilem per arcta vel aspera gentem sola necesse est gravi quadam et armata mediocriter agilitate confundi.（Therefore, just as when knightly units assemble on a plain, that heavy multiple armor, obviously linen as well as iron, offers the knights outstanding protection and decorates them, so where they fight only in a confined area, a forest or a swamp, where the foot soldiers rather than the horsemen have che advantage, light armament is by far preferable. In fact, against unarmored men, by whom almost always in the first attack victory is immediately gained or lost, lighter equipment suffices. When they fight a swift and nimble nation in a confined or rough terrain, it is necessary that some heavily armed and moderately armed be confounded by their quickness.）

1700096212

1700096213 Cum ilia nimirum armature multiplici, sellisque recurvis et aids, difficile descenditur, difficilius ascenditur, difficillime, cum opus est, pedibus itur.（Of course, with that multiple armor and high curved saddles it is difficult to dismount, more difficult to mount, and most difficult to proceed on foot when necessary.）

1700096214

1700096215 In omni igitur expeditione, sive Hibernica sive Kambrica gens in Kambriae marchia nutrita, gens hostilibus partium illarum conflictibus exercitata, competentissima; puta formatis a convict moribus, audax et expedita, cum alea; Martis exegerit, nunc equis habilis, nunc pedibus agilis inventa; cibo potuque non delicata, tarn Cerere quam Baccho, causis urgentibus, abstinere parata. Talibus Hibernia viris initium habuit expugnationis talibus quoque consummabilis finem habitura conquisitionis. Ut igitur “Singula quaeque locum teneant sortita decenter，”

1700096216

1700096217 contra graves et armatos, solumque virium robore, et armorum ope confisos, de piano dimicare, victoriamque vi obtinere contendentes, armatis quoque viris et viribus opus hic esse procul dubio protestamur. Contra leves autem et agiles, et aspera pedentes, levis armaturae viri taliumque praesertina exercitati congressibus adhibendi.（Therefore in every campaign, whether the nation is Irish or Welsh, reared on the borderland of Wales, the nation is practiced and most capable in the hostile conflicts of this area, pure by the habits formed from its way of life, bold and ready with risk, found expert with horses at one time and quick on foot at another as the conflict demands, not fastidious in food and drink, and prepared to abstain from bread as well as wine when affairs are pressing. With such men Ireland faced the beginning of the campaign and complete with such men Ireland was going to face the end of the conquest. Therefore, so that “all things properly allotted may have their place，”

1700096218

1700096219 we declare without hesitation that against heavily armored men relying only on the strength of force and the aid of arms, and hastening to fight on a plain and to gain victory by force, there is also need here of armored men and strength.Against light-armed men and quick men, however, traversing rough terrain, lightarmed men trained in the effectiveness of such matters must be used for battle.）

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