1700096260

1700096261 Atque armis brevibus, illos vero hasta cutellis

1700096262

1700096263 Longior et gladiis, et inextricabilis ordo

1700096264

1700096265 Circuitu triplici murorum ductus ad instar

1700096266

1700096267 Caute dispositos non permittebat adiri.

1700096268

1700096269 （After retreating safely so often to his rampart of foot soldiers, in no way did the count fear to be hurt by the enemy. And in fact our knights dread to attack foot soldiers with spears, while they themselves fight with swords. They have short weapons; the others indeed have a spear longer than knives or swords. And their unbreakable formation drawn up in a triple circuit like walls did not permit those cautiously disposed to come near.）

1700096270

1700096271 14.At least, I would like to translate paragraph 86 in this manner.（“Ison de to metõpon tës parataxeõs autõn poiountai kai pyknon en tais machais”:“They make the front of their battle line even and closely ordered.”）

1700096272

1700096273 15.Liudprandus, Antapodosis，2.31.

1700096274

1700096275 16.Perlbach, p.117.

1700096276

1700096277 17.Hartung, The Ancient German Days of the Nibelungenlied and the Gudrun（Die deutschen Altertümer des Nibelungenliedes und der Kudrum），p.505，compares Gudrun，647.2，1403.1，and 1451.1 with Nibelungenlied，203 and 204.2210.

1700096278

1700096279 18.See Berthold on the Saxons in the battle on the Unstrut，1075; Ekkehard, p.223，on a battle in the Crusade of 1096; and the defeat of King Baldwin of Jerusalem at Ramleh in 1102，as described by Fulcher.

1700096280

1700096281 19.Hartung, p.503，and Lexis’and Grimm’s dictionaries give only a very few passages for these words.

1700096282

1700096283 20.Otto von Freising，1.32：“Dux … secus quam disciplina militaris et ordo exposuit, non pedetemptim incedens sed praecipitanter advolans in hostem ruit suis gregatim adventantibus et dirupto legionum ordine confuse venientibus.”（“The duke … otherwise than as knightly training and rank lays down, charged, not proceeding cautiously but flying headlong at the enemy with his men advancing like a herd of cattle and coming in disorder after the formation of the units had been disrupted.”）

1700096284

1700096285 Baldric, Historia Jerosolimitana（Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. Historiens Occidentaux），4.95: “Sagittarios et pedites suos ordinaverunt et ipsis praemissis pedetemptim ut mos est Francorum, pergebant.”（“They drew up their archers and foot soldiers and with themselves in the lead they proceeded cautiously, as is the custom of the Franks.”）

1700096286

1700096287 Heelu, verse 4898 ff.，describes the approach ride in the battle of Worringen as follows: “As the opponents were moving up against each other, they went about this matter so calmly, at a leisurely pace, coming from the two sides as if they were men riding along with their brides in front of them in the saddle.”

1700096288

1700096289 Guiart, too, in his account of the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle, verse 11494（cited by Köhler，2：269），says that each unit rode up slowly and in closed formation—“Each group moves along at a slow pace, advancing together as in a square.”

1700096290

1700096291 21.Emperor Leo says, para.80 ff.，the Franks do not form up on horseback or on foot by regiments or squadrons with specific strengths, but by families and groups of companions（“not in a determined size and formation, either sections or divisions as the Romans, but according to tribes and by kinship and attachment to each other, many times even by sworn agreement”*）.

1700096292

1700096293 Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte，8：179，believes that individual source passages indicate an organization by thousands, so that every thousand men formed a special unit, and that would undoubtedly mean a thousand horsemen, even if perhaps not always or not completely heavily armed horsemen. Such a group was, according to Waitz, designated as a “legio，” and this name also applied to the tactical unit formed for battle.

1700096294

1700096295 That is a false concept. A thousand horsemen form such a powerful force that they cannot be designated as a tactical unit, and such a formation with fixed numbers is not consistent with the nature of feudal contingents under their feudal lords. Emperor Leo had a more accurate conception of it. Widukind’s strength figure for the battle on the Lechfeld, insofar as the number 1，000 is concerned, is merely a number, and the expression “legion” is a scholarly embellishment.

1700096296

1700096297 Among the Normans, we find a faint trace of an organization in groups of ten warriors. It is reported that Tancred of Hauteville had ten knights under him at the court of the count of Normandy（“in curia comitis decern milites sub se habens servivit”）. Gottfried Malaterra, Migne, CXLIX，1121. Furthermore, the knightly services which William the Conqueror required of his most important vassals were always divisible by five or ten.

1700096298

1700096299 The Knights Templars were grouped in “squadrons”（“eschielle”）whenever they took to the field（Regulations, Chap.161）. I have never been able to determine how strong an “eschielle” was.

1700096300

1700096301 In the Crusade, Emperor Frederick I divided his army into units of fifty. How strange such an organization, which seems to us natural and indispensable, was to a medieval army is best indicated by the special attention Ansbert gives to this measure in his report（Fontes rerum Austriacarum, Abteilung I, Scriptores: Sources of Austrian History, Section I, Historians，5.34）：

1700096302

1700096303 Interea serenissimus imperator ut fidelis et prudens familiae domini dispensator de statu sanctissimae crucis exercitus in dies sollicitus, praefecit eidem pentarchos seu quinquagenos magistros militum, ut videlicet universi in suis societatibus per quinquagenarios divisi singulis regerentur magistris, sivi in bellicis negotiis, sive in dispensationum controversiis salvo iure marschalli aulae imperialis. Sexaginta quoque meliores ac prudentiores de exercitu delegit, quorum consilio et arbitrio cuncta exercitus negotia perficerentur, qui tamen postea solertioris cautelae dispensation et certi causa mysterii pauciori numero designati sedecim de sexaginta sunt effecti.（Meanwhile the most serene emperor, as the loyal and wise steward of the royal house and anxious every day about the state of the crusade, placed pentarchs or fifty masters of the soldiers in charge of it, clearly so that all divided in their companies by the commanders of fifty might be governed by a master both in military affairs and in disputes over orders by the reserved right of a marshal of the imperial court. He also selected sixty better and more prudent men of the army by whose counsel and judgment all affairs of the army might be accomplished. But afterwards, by an ordinance of rather clever caution and by reason of a definite plan, they were assigned by a smaller number and were made sixteen from the sixty.）

1700096304

1700096305 22.Edited by Karl Hegel, Chronicles of the German Cities（Chroniken der deutschen Städte），Vol.II，1864.

1700096306

1700096307 23.As shown on p.485. According to the report on p.203，there were only 400.

1700096308

1700096309 24.According to Albrecht’s letter, City Chronicles，2.495，there were 450“riding horses” and “about 50‘Drabanten’.”

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