1700096310

1700096311 25.Köhler，2：695，drew from Dlugoss, Hist. Polon，11.240，edition of 1711（incorrectly, of course）the fact that the Poles rode up in this formation at the battle of Tannenberg.

1700096312

1700096313 But in his Military History of Bavaria（Kriegsgeschichte von Bayern），Würdinger, who used Archivalien as a reference, reported, at the battle of Hiltersried in 1433，where Duke John of Neumarkt or Neunburg defeated the Hussites, exactly the same formation of the knights as at Pillenreuth, giving their names. The banners were placed in the third rank. According to a study that District Assessor Reimer in Neunburg sent me, however, there was no report of a wedge formation. The knights apparently were stationed on foot at the point of an assault column that attacked the Hussite wagon stronghold.

1700096314

1700096315 The formation with a point is prescribed as a regulation, so to speak, in Elector Albrecht Achilles’instructions to his son John for the campaign against the duke of Sagan, the so-called Preparation of 1477. Quoted in Jähns’Manual of the History of Military Science（Handbuch von Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften），p.979 ff.，and Kriegsgeschichte, Document of the Supreme General Staff，1884，Book 3. In the formation prescribed here, the banners were placed in the eleventh, fourteenth, or nineteenth rank.

1700096316

1700096317 26.Themes for Instruction in Tactics in the Royal Military Schools（Leitfaden für den Unterricht in der Taktik der königlichen Kriegsschulen），2d ed.，1890，p.45. Drill Regulations for Cavalry（Exerzier-Reglement für die Kavallerie），（1895），No.319-331.

1700096318

1700096319 27.The “point” did not occur before the fifteenth century.

1700096320

1700096321 Each group moves along at a slow pace，

1700096322

1700096323 Advancing together as in a square，

1700096324

1700096325 says Guiart, verse 11494，in his description of Mons-en-Pévèle（1304），cited by Köhler in his 2：269. The first example of the point is perhaps the formation of the troops of the Dauphiné“en pointe” in the battle of Mons-en-Vimeux in 1421，cited in Köhler，2：226，note. Recommendations for the formation with a point in documents of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are to be found in Jähns，1：328，738，and 740. At the end of the fifteenth century, under Maximilian, the formation was surely squared off again. Leonhard Fronsperger speaks of the “pointed” battle formation as an obsolete one（Köhler，3：2：251）. We already find a formation of horsemen in a wedge or rhomboid in antiquity mentioned in Aelian, Chap.18，and Asclepiodotus, Chap.7. Among the reasons for this, which are probably theoretical fantasies, at least in part, it is also stated that control and wheeling actions are easier than in the squared formation. As far as control is concerned, this is obviously correct. With respect to wheeling actions, I understand that as meaning they did not need to make any true wheeling motion but could easily turn half-right or half-left by changing the rhomboid into a square.

1700096326

1700096327 28.“Istos in una et prima acie posuit et dixit illis: campus amplus est; extendite vos per campum directe, ne vos hostes intercludant. Non deceti ut unus miles scutum sibi de alio milite faciat; sed sic stetis, ut omnes quas, una fronte possitis pugnare.”（“He set them in one battle line and said to them: The field is big; extend yourselves across the field in a straight line so that the enemy may not cut you off. It is not proper that a knight make a shield for himself from another knight. But you should thus stand that all are able to fight on one front.”）

1700096328

1700096329 29.Köhler，2：226 and 3：2：253，believes that the formation in line first occurred in the fifteenth century. I see no basis for this assumption. Wherever mixed combat took place, the linear formation must have gained ground. Boutaric, p.297，makes the general statement: “The knights fought‘en haye，’that is to say, in a single line; the squires were drawn up behind them.”

1700096330

1700096331 30.Baltzer, p.106，cites two pieces of evidence for this.

1700096332

1700096333 31.Prutz, Quellenbeiträge, p.29:“acies … beati Petri a dextris antecedens, cujus juris est antecedere et primum hostes percutere”（“the unit of the blessed Peter going ahead on the right, of whose privilege it is to go first and to strike the enemy first”）.

1700096334

1700096335 32.This valuable observation had already been made by Heermann, p.85，and Köhler has also agreed with him. Nevertheless, the battle finally ended in a serious defeat.

1700096336

1700096337 33.Liudprandus, Antapodosis，2.31.

1700096338

1700096339 34.Gesta Fridertci，1.32.

1700096340

1700096341 35.Köhler，3：1：95，has assembled a few passages, wherever they occur. Edward III of England, especially, formed in 1356 a guard of mounted archers. In the index volume, among the supplements, the author also added another passage from Wigalois. I would also add the treaty of alliance of the Lombards, Murat. Ant.，4.490. But even in England they never became a real arm. In the fifteenth century we do find many archers on horseback, but this was only a means of transportation for them; in battle, they dismounted.

1700096342

1700096343 The Saracens of Frederick II are considered by Köhler to have been exclusively dismounted archers. But it is expressly stated in Annales Parmenses majores（Greater Annals of Parma），SS.，18.673，that in 1248 before Parma the emperor had “balistarii tam equites quam pedites”（“crossbowmen on horseback as well as on foot”）.

1700096344

1700096345 36.Köhler，1：5 and 3：3：355.Up to the tenth century, he says, they had fought in a single echelon, but from the eleventh century on, in three echelons.

1700096346

1700096347 37.Köhler，2：35，assembled a few examples, but they show basically that such combat techniques were used less in actual practice than in the heroic accounts, and they succeeded still less often.

1700096348

1700096349 38.Köhler，1：468，and 2：13.

1700096350

1700096351 39.Köhler，2：42.

1700096352

1700096353 40.Daniel, Histoire de la milice française, p.82.

1700096354

1700096355 41.Only seldom do we find that a king remained behind the front, as, for example, at Ascalon in 1125，cited by Heermann, p.120. Or old King Iagiello of Poland at Tannenberg in 1410.

1700096356

1700096357 42.Viollet-le-Duc, Rational Dictionary of French Furniture from the Carolingian Period to the Renaissance（Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier françµis de l’époque carlovingienne à la renaissance），6：372.

1700096358

1700096359 43.This is how I prefer to translate the Greek expression “sphodrõs kai akataschetõs hõs monotonoi”:“violent and unstoppable like obstinate men”）.（Tactics, para.87）. See Mauritius, p.269.

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