1700096382

1700096383 Emperor Leo, Tactics，18. 92，says that broken terrain was disadvantageous for the Franks in mounted combat, because they normally made a strong shock action with their lances. Of course, this strong blow is not to be understood in the modern sense.

1700096384

1700096385 54.This comes into consideration particularly against mounted archers, and therefore in the Crusades. Heermann（p.103）traces this back to the tactics of the Moslems, who, with their great numerical superiority, always tried to envelop the Christians. This great superiority of the infidels is to be dismissed as a Christian fable; the reason is to be sought, rather, in their differing armament.

1700096386

1700096387 55.Heermann says in his introduction that we can get to know the knightly method of warfare best and most accurately from the early period of the Crusades. In the later Crusades, the occidentals possibly had borrowed from the orientals, whereas they must have won their first victories with their original tactics. Furthermore, we also have broader source accounts of those events, accounts that are much more meager for events in the west. As logical as this idea may seem, it is nevertheless not correct. The peculiar new conditions of combat were present right from the beginning, at Dorylaeum, and the Crusaders had to try to adapt to them.

1700096388

1700096389 3　雇佣兵

1700096390

1700096391 1.Petrus Damiani, Vita Romualdi（The Life of Romualdus），SS.，4.848（written ca.1040）.

1700096392

1700096393 2.Richer, IV, Chap.82:“exercitum tam de suis, quam conducticiis congregabat.”（“He assembled an army from his own men as well as from hirelings.”）

1700096394

1700096395 3.Hermannus Contractus, SS.，V, for the year 1053.

1700096396

1700096397 4.Waitz，8：238，402，411.

1700096398

1700096399 5.Annales Hildesheimses（Annals of Hildesheim），SS.，3-110.

1700096400

1700096401 6.Mikulla，“The Mercenaries in the Armies of Emperor Frederick II”（“The Mercenaries in the Armies of Emperor Frederick II”（“Die Söldner in den Heeren Kaiser Friedrichs II.”Berlin dissertation，1885，P.5.

1700096402

1700096403 Ducange questions whether instead of “triaverdini” we should not read “triamellini，” a word supposedly derived from the name of a certain type of dagger.

1700096404

1700096405 7.Peschel，“On the Variations of Relative Values Between the Precious Metals and Other Commercial Goods”（“Ueber die Schwankungen der Wertrelationen zwischen den edlen Metallen und den übrigen Handelsgütern”），Deutsche Vierteljahresschrift，4（1853）：1.

1700096406

1700096407 Soetbeer，“Contributions to the History of the Monetary and Minting System in Germany”（“Beiträge zur Geschichte des Geld-und Münzwesens in Deutschland”），Forschungen zur Deutschen Geschichte, Vols. I to VI and 57th Supplementary Volume to Petermanns Mitteilungen，1879.

1700096408

1700096409 Lexis, article “Gold” and article “Silver” in the Dictionary of Political Science（Handwórterbuch der Staatswissenschaft）.

1700096410

1700096411 Waitz, Heinrich I.，Excurs 15，“On the Reported Discovery of Metals in the Harz under Henry I”（“Ueber die angebliche Entdeckung der Metalle im Harz unter Heinrich I”）. According to Waitz, mining in the Harz under Otto I is definitely confirmed by Widukind and Thietmar; it is still questionable as to whether it really went back to the time of Henry I.Inama-Sternegg, German Economic History from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century（Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte des 10.bis 12. Jahrhundert），2：430 f.

1700096412

1700096413 The values for grains estimated by Peschel are obviously unreliable, and his opinion that a decrease of metal supplies can be observed in Europe from the fourteenth century on is certainly incorrect.

1700096414

1700096415 Soetbeer，2：306，thinks he has found indications that there was still much cash money on hand under the Merovingians. This opinion no doubt needs to be researched further.

1700096416

1700096417 The Florentine guilder was minted from 1252 on.

1700096418

1700096419 Helfferich, Money and Banks（Geld und Banken），1：87，says: “In the face of an almost complete cessation of production of precious metals and a heavy flow of such metals to the Byzantine Empire and the Far East, an unusual decrease in the supply of precious metal in Western Europe apparently took place in the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries.”It does not seem to me to be proven that precious metal flowed away from the west specifically to the Byzantine Empire; at least, there was only a shortage and no superfluous amount there either. But the general decrease in the Roman Empire must have started much earlier, and in the third century A.D. it was already leading to the catastrophe. See Vol.II, p.212 ff.

1700096420

1700096421 8.Ruotger, vita Brunonis（Life of Bruno），Chap.30.

1700096422

1700096423 9.Delpech，2：43，believes the Brabantines were horsemen. Köhler，3：2：148 ff.，says they were foot soldiers, but he gives no basis for his opinion. When he expresses surprise on p.152 that they disappeared after the battle of Bouvines and we later find only national levies and soldiers of the cities in Germany as foot troops, this point is at odds with his opinion that the Brabantines were already such a highly developed infantry. Furthermore, on p.147，note, he himself cites an English source, Gervasius Dorobernesis, Chronica de rebus anglicis（Chronicles of English History）of the year 1138 to the effect that William of Ypres, the first of the historic mercenary leaders, commanded “milites et pedites multos”（“many knights and foot soldiers”）. Furthermore, in the treaty between Barbarossa and Louis VII of France of the year 1170（Martène, Veterum scriptorum … amplissima collectio: Largest Collection of Ancient Writers …，2：880），express mention is made of the “Brabantiones sive coterelli”（“Brabantines or coterelli”）as “equites seu pedites”（“horsemen or foot soldiers”）.

1700096424

1700096425 10.Gislebert, SS.，21.844. Baldwin presumably had “milites auxiliatores, qui quamvis non essent solidarii, tamen in expensis ejus erant”（“auxiliary knights, who, although they were not mercenaries, were nevertheless on his payroll”）.

1700096426

1700096427 11.15.100，cited by Roth von Schreckenstein, p.352.

1700096428

1700096429 12.Gervasius Dorobernesis, Chronica de rebus anglicis.

1700096430

1700096431 13.The first treaty is reproduced in Rymer, Foedera，1：7，and the second one on p.22. In the conditions governing the pay are provisions that do not seem to be consistent. In the obligation of the barons, it is stated that those who receive 30 marks “pro feodo”（as “fief”）were obligated to provide 10 milites, and so forth. But the total amount for 1，000 knights was only 400 marks. But in the renewed treaty of 1163，30 marks was the agreed amount for every ten knights.

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