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And Monstrelet writes in his chronicle: “The masses of the communes, even though they may be very numerous, can hardly offer resistance against a number of nobles accustomed to battle and proven in the profession of arms.”
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7.Michelet, Histoire de France，3：299.
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8.Guillaume, History of the Military Organization Under the Dukes of Burgundy（Histoire de lorganisation militaire sous les dues de Bourgogne），Mém.cour.de l’Académie Beige，22（1848）：94.
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3 下马骑士与射手
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1.The standard monograph on the battle of Crécy is the Berlin dissertation by Richard Czeppan, published by Georg Nauck in 1906. The other accounts by Rüstow, Jähns, Pauli, Köhler, and Oman vary remarkably from one another, depending on the extent to which they follow one source or another. But Czeppan may well have definitively clarified and decided all the significant questions. Several convincing observations on the effect of the bow and arrow are to be found in Köhler, Vol.III, foreword, p.xxxvi. Forerunners of the battle of Crécy are discussed by Tout, English Historical Review，19（1904）：711.
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2.In a review of the book by Wrottesley, Crécy and Calais, which contains the source passages in question（English Historical Review，14 [1899]：767），Morris calls attention to the fact that the 32，000 men had been together only a very short time when King Philip threatened the English with his relief battle. Morris estimates that at Crécy Edward had 4，000 mounted men（knights and soldiers）and 10，000 archers.
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3.“Ut sui videntes eum peditem, non relinquerent, sed cum eo tam equites quam pedites ad bellum animarentur.”（“So that his own men, seeing him on foot, might not desert, but horsemen as well as the foot soldiers might be inspired with him for battle.”）Gislebert, SS.，21. 519.
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4.In the Hussite war, the foot soldiers once refused to attack, saying: “If we are hard pressed, you ride away, while all of us have to stay.”The knights had to dismount and fight on foot. According to Johann von Guben, p.64，cited by Wulf in The Hussite Wagon Barricade（Die hussitische Wagenburg），p.37.
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5.See above, p.411，the formation of the English under Richard the Lion-Hearted at Jaffa in 1192.
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6.Comines says concerning the battle of Montl’héry（ed.de Mandrot，1：31）
:“The most important thing in the world for battles is the archers, but let them number in the thousands, for they are worth nothing in small numbers, and let them be men with poor mounts, so that they will have no regrets in losing their horses, or let them have no mounts at all.”
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7.Both these battles are discussed excellently by Oman, History of the Art of War, p.581 ff. Dupplin is described on the basis of a study by Morris, English Historical Review，1897.Halidon Hill is thoroughly described in Tytler, History of Scotland，2：32 and 454，on the basis of a presumably ancient manuscript, whose credibility, however, is not proven.
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8.Berlin dissertation，1908.
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9.Berlin dissertation，1907.
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10.The Englishman Walsingham believes the French had 140，000 men.
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11.That is specifically attested to by Saint Rémy, who was present at the battle.
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12.That is the opinion of Luce, for example, in Bertrand du Guesclin, I：147.
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13.In the engagement at Termonde，1452. Olivier de la Marche, I Chap.25.
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14.Monstrelet, II, Chap.108.
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15.Luce, Bertrand du Guesclin et son époque, p.169. The knights vowed “that they would never flee in battle more than 4 arpents by their estimate, but they would rather die or have themselves taken prisoner.”
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16.A certain survey of the decisive battles is provided by M.de la Chauvelays in Dismounted Combat of the Cavalry in the Middle Ages（Le combat à pied de la cavallerie au moyen-âge），Paris，1885. To be sure, the author is very uncritical, and the individual facts are in no way reliable.M.T. Lachauvelay, Guerres des Francais et des Anglais du Xlième au XVième siècle，1875，seems to be the same author, despite the different spelling of the name.
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17.For example, Thwrocz, chronica Hungarorum（Chronicles of the Hungarians），reports erroneously that the French knights at Nikopol in 1396 attacked on foot.
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4 奥斯曼土耳其
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1.For a while it was even believed that the Mongols had to be credited for an outstanding role in the history of the art of war, particularly since there exist theoretical concepts that supposedly stem from Tamer lane. But in the final analysis their accomplishments were no different from those of other nomads, and Tamerlane’s principles were without real content. For a summary of these points and applicable references, see Jähns, Handbuch, p.698 ff. The battle of Liegnitz，1242，in view of the legendary nature of the source, gives us nothing new, as far as I can see, on the history of the art of war.
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2.P.A. von Tischendorf, The Feudal System in the Moslem Nations, especially in the Ottoman Empire. With the Book of Laws of the Fiefs under Sultan Ahmed I（Das Lehnswesen in den moslimischen Staaten insbesondere im osmanischen Reiche. Mit dent Gesetzbuch der Lehen unter Sultan Ahmed I.），Leipzig，1872.
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3.Heinrich Schurtz，“The Janissaries”（“Die Janitscharen”），Preussische Jahrbücher, Vol.112（1903）. Leopold von Schlözer, Origin and Development of the Ancient Turkish Army（Ursprung und Entwickelung des alttürkischen Heeres），1900. Ranke, The Ottomans and the Spanish Monarchy（Die Osmanen und die spanische Monarchie），Werke, Vol.35.
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