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2.“Nam cum utraque pars in campo ante civitatem sito convenisset pars Bernensium stetit contra hostes conglobata in modum corone et compressa, cuspitibus suis pretensis. Quam dum de adversa parte nemo aggredi presumeret … quidam cordatus miles … in eos efferatus fuisset et in corum lanceas receptus, in frusta discerptus et concisus lamentabiliter periit.”（“Now when each side had assembled in the field lying in front of the city, the Bernese stood massed against the enemy in a circle and in close order, with the tips of their spears extended before them. When no one from the enemy side dared to attack them … a courageous soldier … was infuriated with them and penetrated up to their spears; lamentably, he died in vain, torn apart and cut to pieces.”）
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3.Bürkli, p.90. Lorenz, Germany’s Historical Sources（Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen），p.46. Stössel, p.47.
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4.Oechsli in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie，44.446.
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5 多芬根会战
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1.The sources are, of course, quite meager, and our principal source, Königshofen, is fable-like and unreliable. Christian Friedrich Stälin, Württembergische Geschichte，3：334.Paul Friedrich Stälin, Geschichte Württembergs，1：569. G.von der Au, Zur Kritik Königshofen, Tübingen，1881. The Annales Stuttgartenses, copied in the Württembergisches Jahrbuch，1849，contains nothing of importance.
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2.According to Königshofen，800 gleves and 2，000 foot soldiers; according to the Constance Chronicle，700 lances on horseback and 1，100 on foot.
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3.According to Königshofen（Städtische Chronik，9.839），550 gleves and 2，000 peasants; according to the Constance Chronicle，600 lances and 6，000 men on foot; according to Ulman Stromer，1，100 lances and some 6，000 foot soldiers; according to Justinger，800 lances and 2，000 mercenaries.
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4.Augsburg Chronicle，1.87（see also 2.40）.
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5.Rupp, in the “Battle of Döffingen”（“Die Schlacht bei Döffingen”），Vorschungen zur deutschen Geschichte，14：551，feels obliged to consider as correct the account of the treachery of von Henneberg, and he sees that as the reason for the defeat. Nevertheless, his reasons have not convinced me. Von der Au also rejects Rupp’s arguments.
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6.Königshofen says: “and the first attack of the battle was won over the lords”；now the fresh gleves arrived—“then the attack was successful against the cities, so that they were defeated.”
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6 瑞士联邦的军事组织
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1.Em.von Rodt, History of the Bernese Military System（Geschichte des Bernerischen Kriegswesens），1831.
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J. J.Blumer, Political and Legal History of the Swiss Democracies（Staatsund Rechtsgeschichte der schweizerischen Demokratien），1848.
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K. von Elgger, Military System and Military Art of the Swiss Confederation in the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries（Kriegswesen und Kriegskunst der schweizerischen Eidgenossen im 14.，15.，und 16. Jahrhundert），1873.
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Johann Häne, On the Defensive and Military Systems in the High Period of the Ancient Confederation（Zum Wehr-und Kriegswesen in der Blütezeit der alten Eidgenossenschaft），Zurich, Schulthess and Co.，1900.
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Hermann Escher，“The Swiss Infantry in the Fifteenth Century and at the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century”（“Das schweizerische Fussvolk im 15. und im Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts”），Part I. Neujahrsblatt der Züricher Feuerwerksgesellschaft，1905.
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2.Blumerj 1：373.
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3.For example, in 1444 Bern demanded that Thun send fifty upright, capable soldiers, whose oath and honor could be trusted, without …，who bring along spear and armor. This according to Elgger, p.118，as taken from the Schweizer Geschichtsforscher，6：354. I prefer to read “rations”（Speise）instead of “spears”（Spiesse）.
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In 1389 the Entlebuchers promised that in case Lucerne had to take to the field, they would come to its aid with 600 armed men. Elgger, Kriegswesen, p.38. In noticeable contradiction is the report that in 1513 Lucerne on one occasion had to provide 1，300 men, including 150 from Entlebuch，300 from Willisau, and only 100 from Lucerne itself. Elgger, p.68.
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Quite often there were quarrels over these allocations; for example, in 1448 the small community of Krattigen complained that, of the seven men to be provided by the region, it was to furnish two, since, after all, the community did not have more than twenty or twenty-one farms. For that reason, in 1499 and 1512 a census of all households was ordered. We cannot help wondering that this was not done until then, when we remember at what an early period Ancient Rome had similar statistics. Rodt, p.27.
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4.According to Häne, p.23.
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5.Häne, p.24.
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6.Rodt，1：6.
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7.Minutes of the Council of Bern，22 June 1476：
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To Fribourg, Solothurn, and Biel, that, with respect to the proper conduct of the war, they allow goods for sale in the way of wine, grain, and other goods and necessities to go to the army.
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