1700101120

1700101121 14.Chapters IV and VII and a particular paragraph，144，of Chapter XVIII are erroneously identified in the letter as Folio 144. The three echelons are prescribed in it：“Has très acies ad usum separatas, propinquitate conjunctas, ad se mutuo adjuvandas idoneas esse perspeximus”（“We observed that these three battle lines, separated for use and joined by their proximity, are suitable to aid each other mutually”）. The depth of the echelons is given as ten men in Leo. It is interesting to note, incidentally, how understanding and misunderstanding are often confused. In a rather careless way, Leo transferred the tradition concerning the Roman infantry（which eventually goes back to Livy，8.8）to the cavalry. But this attracted so little attention that William Louis, apparently without noticing Leo’s error, was able to transfer it back again to the infantry.

1700101122

1700101123 15.A set of instructions for the training of the individual man was Handling of the Guns, Muskets, and Spears（Waffenhandlung von den Rören, Musqueten und Spiessen）by Jacob de Geyn. The Hague，1608. Dedicated to Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg. The book is illustrated with large, handsome copper plates. Republished in 1640. The copper plates in Wallhausen’s Kriegskunst zu Fuss are different ones, also quite often different in their arrangement. Geyn distinguishes between marksmen and musketeers; he has forty-two commands for the former and forty-three for the latter. The musketeers have wooden powder containers on bandoliers, while the marksmen do not. For the spearmen there are twenty-one commands, many of them to be carried out in three speeds.

1700101124

1700101125 16.Rüstow，1：345，characterizes Maurice’s reforms as having simplified to the maximum the tactical formations. This seems to be the direct opposite of my description, to the extent that I see in the new formations something that had to be worked out and was not at all simple but possible only through hard work. But the difference is apparent rather than real. Rüstow is thinking of those artificial theoretical formations which he thoroughly discusses, like the cross battalion and the eight-cornered unit; they were nothing more than ingenious contrivances and never played a role in actual practice. And in comparison with this, the Netherlandish formation was, of course, a simplification. In comparison with the square of men or the geometric square, which up to that point were the only ones under practical consideration, the Netherlandish method was not a simplification but a far-reaching refinement, and it is only with this explanation that the historical progress is placed in the right light.

1700101126

1700101127 17.John of Nassau gives 135 as the normal number, of which 45 have the long spear and 74 are musketeers and marksmen. Plathner, p.40.

1700101128

1700101129 18.Everardus Reidanus, Belgarum aliarumque gentium annales（Annals of the Belgians and other Nations），Leyden，1633，8：192. Emmius, Guilelmus Ludovieus（William Louis），1621，p.67. See also Mulder’s preface to Duyck’s Journal，1：16.

1700101130

1700101131 19.Krebs, Battle on the White Mountain（Schlacht an dem Weissen Berge），p.25 ff.

1700101132

1700101133 20.Reyd, p.281.

1700101134

1700101135 21.Billon, p.191.

1700101136

1700101137 22.Maurice（19 June 1593），Archives-Oranien-Nassau，2d Series，1：24.

1700101138

1700101139 23.Printed in the Works of the Historical Society（Historisch Genootschap）in Utrecht. New series, No.37. Utrecht，1883，p.448 ff.

1700101140

1700101141 4　古斯塔夫·阿道夫

1700101142

1700101143 1.Fahlbeck, Preussische Jahrbücher，133：535.

1700101144

1700101145 2.According to G. Droysen, Gustav Adolf，2：85，the king landed in Pomerania in 1630

1700101146

1700101147 with 13，000 men

1700101148

1700101149 He already had in Stralsund 6，000

1700101150

1700101151 Follow-up forces ca. 7，000

1700101152

1700101153 Withdrawn from Prussia 13，600

1700101154

1700101155 Total: approximately 40，000

1700101156

1700101157 Some 36，000 men remained behind in Sweden, Finland, Prussia, and so forth. Consequently, the entire military strength amounted to 76，000 men，43，000 of whom were levied nationals.

1700101158

1700101159 3.Jähns，2：952.

1700101160

1700101161 4.In his writings of the year 1673（Schriften，2：672），Montecuccoli actually considers the usual ratio of two-thirds musketeers and one-third pikemen to be wrong. He believes more pikemen are needed to cover the musketeers in battle, for the latter, alone, would be overpowered by the cavalry. He points out that this was what happened at Lens, for example, where Condé defeated the Lotharingians. At Breitenfeld, hesays, the Holstein regiment held fast because of its pikemen until it was overcome by the artillery. He reports the same thing in 2：223. He claims that the ratio of two-thirds to one-third was acceptable only because on so many occasions outside of battle the musketeers were more useful than the pikemen.

1700101162

1700101163 5.“The Swedish Discipline，” cited in Firth, Cromwell’s Army, p. 105.

1700101164

1700101165 6.According to Firth, p.104.

1700101166

1700101167 7.Firth, Cromwell’s Army, p.98，from the Swedish Intelligencer，1：124.

1700101168

1700101169 8.On the leather cannon, see Gohlke in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，4：392，and Feldhaus, p.121.“Leather pieces” are also mentioned in the introductory poem to the Little War Book（Kriegsbüchlein）of Lavater of Zurich，1644. He says they did not come first from Sweden to Zurich，“but rather from us to them.”

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70010112e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]