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7号染色体
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本章的主题是演化心理学,在多本书中都有过探讨,包括杰罗姆·巴尔科(Jerome Barkow)、莱达·科斯米德斯和约翰·图比的《适应的思想》(牛津大学出版社,1992),罗伯特·赖特(Robert Wright)的《道德动物》(万神殿出版社,1994),史蒂芬·平克的《心智探奇》(企鹅出版社,1998),以及我自己的《红色皇后》(维京出版社,1993)。人类语言的起源在下列著作中有过探讨:史蒂芬·平克的《语言本能》(企鹅出版社,1994)和特伦斯·迪肯(Terence Deacon)的《符号物种》(企鹅出版社,1997)。
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[1] For the death of Freudianism: Wolf, T. (1997). Sorry but your soul just died. The Independent on Sunday, 2 February 1997. For the death of Meadism: Freeman, D. (1983). Margaret Mead and Samoa: the making and unmaking of an anthropological myth. Harvard University Press,Cambridge, MA; Freeman, D. (1997). Frans Boas and ‘The flower of heaven’. Penguin, London. For the death of behaviourism: Harlow,H. F., Harlow, M. K. and Suomi, S. J. (1971). From thought to therapy
:lessons from a primate laboratory. American Scientist 59: 538-49.
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[2] P inker, S. (1994). The language instinct: the new science of language and mind. Penguin, London.
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[3] D ale, P. S, Simonoff, E, Bishop, D. V. M, Eley, T. C, Oliver, B., Price, T.S., Purcell, S., Stevenson, J. and Plomin, R. (1998). Genetic influence on language delay in two-year-old children. Nature Neuroscience 1: 324-8;Paulesu, E. and Mehler, J. (1998). Right on in sign language. Nature 392
:233-4.
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[4] C arter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
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[5] B ishop, D. V. M., North, T. and Donlan, C. (1995). Genetic basis of specific language impairment: evidence from a twin study.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 37: 56-71.
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[6] Fisher, S. E., Vargha-Khadem, F., Watkins, K. E., Monaco, A. P. and Pembrey, M. E. (1998). Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature Genetics 18: 168-70.
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[7] Gopnik, M. (1990). Feature-blind grammar and dysphasia. Nature 344: 715.
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[8] Fletcher, P. (1990). Speech and language deficits. Nature 346: 226;Vargha-Khadem, F. and Passingham, R. E. (1990). Speech and language deficits. Nature 346: 226.
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[9] Gopnik, M., Dalakis, J., Fukuda, S. E., Fukuda, S. and Kehayia, E. (1996).Genetic language impairment: unruly grammars. In Runciman, W.G., Maynard Smith, J. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (eds), Evolution of social behaviour patterns in primates and man, pp. 223-49. Oxford University Press, Oxford; Gopnik, M. (ed.) (1997). The inheritance and innateness of grammars. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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[10] Gopnik, M. and Goad, H. (1997). What underlies inflectional error patterns in genetic dysphasia? Journal of Neurolinguistics 10: 109-38; Gopnik, M. (1999). Familial language impairment: more English evidence. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 51: in press. Myrna Gopnik,e-mail correspondence with the author, 1998.
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[11] A ssociated Press, 8 May 1997; Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct
:the new science of language and mind. Penguin, London.
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[12] M ineka, S. and Cook, M. (1993). Mechani sms involved in the observational conditioning of fear. Journal of Experimental Psychology,General 122: 23-38.
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[13] D awkins, R. (1986). The blind watchmaker. Longman, Essex.
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X和Y染色体
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要想找到更多有关基因组内部冲突的材料,最好是去参阅迈克尔·马耶鲁斯(Michael Majerus)、比尔·阿莫斯(Bill Amos)和格雷戈里·赫斯特(Gregory Hurst)的教科书《演化:四十亿年的战争》(朗曼出版社,1996),以及汉密尔顿的《基因狭途》(弗里曼出版社,1995年)。关于得出同性恋部分是出于遗传因素这一结论的研究,请参见迪恩·哈默和彼得·科普兰(Peter Copeland)的《欲望的科学》(西蒙与舒斯特公司,1995),以及钱德勒·伯尔的《再创:生物学如何使我们成为同性恋》(矮脚鸡出版社,1996)。
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[1] A mos, W. and Harwood, J. (1998). Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 353: 177-86.
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[2] Rice, W. R. and Holland, B. (1997). The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41: 1-10.
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[3] M ajerus, M., Amos, W. and Hurst, G. (1996). Evolution: the four billion year war. Longman, Essex.
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[4] S wain, A., Narvaez, V., Burgoyne, P., Camerino, G. and Loveli-Badge, R.(1998). Dax1 antagonises SRY action in mammalian sex determination.Nature 391: 761-7.
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[5] H amilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156: 477-88.
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[6] A mos, W. and Harwood, J. (1998). Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 353: 177-86.
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[7] Rice, W. R. (1992). Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence.Science 256: 1436-9.
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[8] H aig, D. (1993). Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 495-531.
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