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5.候选基因评估包括APOE或BRCA1/2状态，它们可能有用，部分原因是遗传学家已经对这些基因大大增加痴呆或阿尔茨海默病和乳腺癌风险的原因有一些理解。
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6.比如，美国国家青少年健康纵向研究（Add Health）数据显示， 6月出生的被调查者到30岁时接受的教育比1月出生的人少2个月。
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7.http://www.babycenter.com.au/a1487/screening-for-down-syndrome.
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8.《千钧一发》（Gattaca）是1997年伊森·霍克(Ethan Hawke)和乌玛·瑟曼(Uma Thurman)主演的一部科幻电影，讲述遗传学引发了社会工程学和“唯基因主义”的反乌托邦故事。
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9.也许随着时间推移我们会发现，这种胚胎选择不会有太多影响，因为社会会整合信息，而父母和机构也会做出补偿性的调整。如果情况如此，这种对时间与金钱的潜在浪费的一个有趣结果是，它可能反而会降低不平等水平，因为富人会一直浪费时间和金钱，而穷人则不会（但许多穷人也许会因落后而觉得压力很大）。
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10.该理论认为，至少对于男同性恋来说，其基因型之所以能在人群中保留，是因为男同性恋者的姐妹生育力高于平均水平，说明其在性方面的拮抗多效性。R. C. Pillard and J. Michael Bailey,“Human sexual orientation has a heritable component,”Human Biology(1998): 347–365.
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11.E. Telles,Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in
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Brazil(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006)。关于白人，见A. R.BraniganJ. Freese, A. Patir, T. W. McDade, K. Liu, and C. I. Kiefe, “Skin color,sex, and educational attainment in the post-civil rights era,” Social ScienceResearch42, no. 6 (2013): 1659–1674。
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12.E. Oster, I. Shoulson, and E. Dorsey, “Limited life expectancy, human capital and health investments: Evidence from Huntington disease” (working paper w17931, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 2012),http://www.nber.org/papers/w17931.
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13.“Scientists to sequence genomes of hundreds of newborns,”Naturenewsblog, November23, 2015, http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/09/scientiststo-sequence-hundreds-of-new borns-genomes.html.
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14.C. Humphries,“Dating sites try adaptive matchmaking,”TechnologyReview(2010), http://www.technologyreview.com/news/422216/dating-sitestry-adaptive-matchmaking/.
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15.J. Streib,“Explanations of how love crosses class lines: Cultural complements and the case of cross-class marriages,”Sociological Forumvol.30, no. 1 (2015): 18–39.
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16.如果所有捐精者都需要符合严格的条件，全国可能只能剩下5个人了：http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/11706863/UKs-national-spermbank-recruits-just-five-donors.html。
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关于生殖细胞市场的完整讨论，R. Almeling,Sex Cells: The Medical Market for Eggs and Sperm(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011)。
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17.不同配对平台上人们的选择有所不同：eHarmony上长期关系配对较多，而Tinder上则是短期配对较多。
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18.B. W. Domingue, J. Fletcher, D. Conley, and J. D. Boardman, “Genetic and educational assortative mating among US adults,”Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences111, no. 22 (2014): 7996–8000.
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19.J. Price and K. Simon,“Patient education and the impact of new medical research,”Journal of Health Economics28, no. 6 (2009): 1166–1174.
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20.这被称为健康不平等的根本性原因假设。B. B. Link and J. Phelan,“Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease,”Journal of Health andSocial Behavior(1995): 80–94。
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21.见L. Schmitz and D. Conley, “The long-term consequences of Vietnam-era conscription and genotype on smoking behavior and health,”Behavior Genetics46, no. 1 (2016): 43–58。
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22.J. R. Behrman, R. A. Pollak, and P. Taubman,From Parent to Child
:Intrahousehold Allocations and Intergenerational Relations in the United States(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995). Also see S. Marcus, “College education and the midcentury GI Bills,”Quarterly Journal of Economics118, no. 2 (2003): 671–708; and M. Page,“Father’s education and children’s human capital: Evidence from the World War II GI Bill”(working paper 06, 33, Department of Economics, University of California, Davis, 2006).
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23.L. L. Schmitz and D. Conley, “The impact of late-career job loss and genotype on body mass index” (working paper w22348, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 2016).
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24.然而，研究人群往往都是欧洲裔，这引发了一系列问题。我们应该如何把从白种人身上得出的多基因评分用在非白人种群中呢？用这些得分对非白人种群做出的预测效果较差。这些分数不是用来自非白人环境（如非洲）的人群算出的，所以还不清楚它和这些环境如何相互作用。类似的问题在药物开发研究中已经出现了，数十年来只有男性被用于临床试验。这些药物对女性是否同样起作用则是未知的（包括用量）。最近，FDA、NIH等机构已经要求医药技术要在男性和女性中都进行测试。对于跨种族和民族团体的遗传学分析还没有这样的要求。
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25.J. Yang, R.J.F. Loos, J. E. Powell, S. E. Medland, E. K. Speliotes, D.I. Chasman, L. M. Rose, et al., “FTO genotype is associated with phenotypic variability of body mass index,”Nature490, no. 7419 (2012): 267–272.
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每个多态性位点的结果在网上都可以自由获取，所以任何（通过23andme或其他途径）给自己的DNA密码测过序的人都能计算出可塑性评分。我们自己已经用系谱数据（允许预测家庭内的可塑性）做过同样的事。D. Conley, B. Domingue, and M. Siegal, “Modeling the genetic architecture of phenotypic plasticity using sibling data”(working paper, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, 2015).
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26.L. Sweeney, A. Abu, and J. Winn,“Identifying participants in the Personal Genome Project by name”(white paper 1021–1, Harvard University,Data Privacy Lab, Cambridge, MA, April 24, 2013), http://www.forbes.com/sites/adamtanner/2013/04/25/harvard-professor-re-identifies-anonymousvolunteers-in-dna-study/#c39212d3e39f.
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