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15.J. G. Altonji and C. R. Pierret, “Employer learning and statistical discrimination” (working paper w6279, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 1997).
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16.在这种自我循环的体系中排除因果关系是很难的。让我们进行一个异端的思想实验，认为理查德·赫恩斯坦和查尔斯·默里在20年前写《钟形曲线：美国社会中的智力与阶层结构》时其实是正确的。某些种族——也就是黑人——在经济成就上落后于白人是由于他们在认知能力上有遗传性的劣势。在这种情况下，两位作者预测的就是真实的世界，白人（或黑人）的种族主义态度和行为是有经济依据的（某些顽固的市场效率的信仰者会认为，如果像黑人这样的低收入、高失业群体的生产力和其他人没有区别的话，那么精明的公司就会从他们身上获利，从而黑人和白人之间的收入差距会缩小）。让我们暂且忽略前文提到的，胎儿、幼年和成年后的环境不对等可能造成很大的影响，而且这种影响是与遗传无关的。赫恩斯坦和默里用智商来作为遗传上能力的表征。但是正如我们知道的，他们并不对等。智商只是基因组的外在表现。
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附录6 基因型填补
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1.“23andme Research Portal Platform,” https://23andme.https.internapcdn.net/res/perma link/pdf/ashg/10292014_23andMeResearchPortal.pdf.
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2.B. W. Domingue, D. W. Belsky, D. Conley, K. M. Harris, and J. D. Boardman, “Polygenic influence on educational attainment,” AERA Open 1, No. 3 (2015): 2332858415599972.
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基因：不平等的遗传 索引
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ACE model, 20–29; additive heritability in,241n24; policy implications of, 29–34;variables in, 235n13.See alsogene-environment interaction
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Acemoğlu, Daron, 116–17, 127–28, 256n10,256n15
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Add Health.SeeNational Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health
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addiction, 39, 63, 161–62, 267n47
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adoption studies, 14, 35, 72, 181, 218,237n30
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Affymetrix Corporation, 225, 23
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African Americans, 14–15, 32–33, 62, 110–11,219–24; civil rights movement and, 15,274n2; ethnicity among, 89–90, 94; fer-tility rate of, 273n2; haplotypes among,228; incarceration of, 182, 234n7, 274n2;Kwanzaa and, 251n9; principal compo-nent analysis of, 104–8; speech patterns of, 235n9.See also race
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alcohol abuse, 12–13, 17, 160, 162
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Alesina, Alberto, 259n24
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Allen’s Rule, 99
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Alzheimer’s disease, 42, 49, 173, 190
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amphetamines, 39
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Angrist, Joshua, 261n5
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antidepressants, 39, 160–62, 239n6, 263n16
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anxiety disorders, 35, 39, 40
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apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, 42, 49, 164;DNA screening for, 173, 175–76, 268n5
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Arabidopsis thaliana(mustard weed), 149
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