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97 在众多有关马达加斯加动物群的文章与专著中,写得最好、资料最新也最完整的一本是:Peter Tyson,The Eighth Continent: Life, Death, and Discovery in the Lost World of Madagascar (New York: William Morrow, 2000)。
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98 关于新西兰鸟类绝种,尤其是恐鸟的灭绝,最重要的著作如下:Atholl Anderson,Prodigious Birds
:Moas and Moa-hunting in Prehistoric New Zealand (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989); Alan Cooper et al.,Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 8(12): 433-437(1993); Jared Diamond, Science , 287: 2170-2171(2000); R. N. Holdaway and C. Jacomb,Science ,287: 2250-2254(2000)。
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99 关于波利尼西亚鸟类的数量衰减,请参考:Storrs L. Olson and Helen F. James,Descriptions of Thirty-two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands (Ornithological Monographs No. 45 and 46)(Washington. D. C.: American Ornithologists’Union, 1991), pp. 88;一般论述请参考:Tom Dye and David W. Steadman,American Scientist ,78: 207-215(1990); Stuart L. Pimm, Michael P. Moulton, and Lenora J. Justice,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Ser. B: Biological Sciences), 344(1307): 27-33(1994)。
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100 关于大量物种灭绝的过滤效应观点,请参考:Stuart L. Pimm et al.,ibid .; Andrew Balmford,Trends in Ecology & Evolution ,11(5): 193-196(1996)。
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101 在旧石器时代早期和中期,地中海地区的动物狩猎情况,请参考:Mary C. Stiner et al., Science , 283: 190-194(1999)。至于新石器时代人类的迁移和农业情况,请参考:Luigi L. Cavalli-Sforza,Genes, Peoples, and Languages , trans. Mark Seielstad(New York: North Point Press, 2000)。
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102 关于物种在地质年代上的寿命与灭绝率,系由下列著作的多位作者检阅评论过:Edward O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter, eds.,BioDiversity (Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 1988); E. O. Wilson,The Diversity of Life (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1992)。
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103 各种估算物种灭绝率的方法,曾由下列著作评估过:Georgina M. Mace and Russell Lande,Conservation Biology , 5(2): 148-157(1991); E. O. Wilson,The Diversity of Life (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1992);Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societv (Ser. B: Biological Sciences), 344
:1307(1994),此文在订正和添加新资料后,成为专题论文:John H. Lawton and Robert M. May, eds.,Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995)。
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104 关于象牙喙啄木鸟,请参见:Alexander Wilson,American Ornithology; or the Natural History of the Birds of the United States (Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep, 1808-1814), p. 20。该物种于1930年代的分布以及其后代的灭绝,请参考以下书籍和它的增修版:Roger Tory Peterson,A Field Guide to the Birds (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934)。日后偶尔也曾传出有人见到美国象牙喙啄木鸟,但是从未被证实过。其中,2000年于新奥尔良北边的珍珠河森林,曾传出它们现身的消息,描述得绘声绘色,令爱鸟者好不兴奋。但是,还是一样,之后的搜寻仍是无功而返(Boston Globe , p. 2, November 11, 2000)。
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105 奥特朋(John James Audubon,1785—1851),美国博物学家,曾写过关于北美鸟类的书,附有很多他自绘的彩色插图。在1905年,爱鸟者组织了奥特朋学会(Audubon Society),宗旨是保护大自然中的野生动物,特别是鸟类。——译者注
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106 地球生态系统的经济价值,是由罗伯特·科斯坦萨(Robert Costanza)及其他12名科学家和经济学家所组成的小组所评估的,请参考:Nature , 387: 253-260(1997)。
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107 关于生态系统服务,最具确定性的回顾报告是由32个不同领域的专家联合撰写的:Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems , Gretchen C. Daily, ed. (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1997)。
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108 有关卡茨基尔山的森林经济价值、亚特兰大市区被砍树木的重植,以及它们对于水土保持的功效,引自:Peter H. Raven et al.,Teaming with Life: Investing in Science to Understand and Use America’s Living Capital (Washington, D. C.: The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology [PCAST], Biodiversity and Ecosystems Panel, 1999)。这项评估作业是由非政府组织美国森林协会,采用自然资源保护署所研发的公式来完成的。
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109 生物多样性、生态系统稳定性以及生态系统生产量,请参考:David Tilman最近的回顾文章Ecology ,80(5): 1455-1474(1999) and Nature ,405: 208-211(2000); Kevin S. McCann,Nature , 405: 228-233(2000); Jocelyn Kaiser,Science ,289: 1282-1283(2000); and F. Stuart ChapinⅢet al.,Nature , 405: 234-242(2000)。关于数学理论议题,请参考:Michael Loreau, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ,USA , 95(10): 5632-5636(1998); Felix Schläpfer, Bernhard Schmid, and Irmi Seidl,Oikos ,84(2): 346-352(1999)。关于微生物多样性在淡水环境中的分析,请参考:Robert G. Wetzel,Archiv für Hydrobiologie: Special Issues: Ergebnisse der Limnologie (Advances in Limnology), 54: 19-32(1999)。关于生物扮演生态系统工程师的概念有众多案例,请参考:Clive G. Jones, John H. Lawton, and Moshe Shachak,Oikos , 69(3): 373-386(1994)。
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110 有关蓝鲸的经济效益分析,请参考:Colin W. Clark, Journal of Political Economy , 81(4): 950-961(1973)。关于这类案例的纯经济价值观的弱点,请参考:David Ehrenfeld,Beginning Again: People and Nature in the New Millennium (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993)。
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111 全球100多种粮食作物的种类,请参考:Robert and Christine Prescott-Allen,Conservation Biology , 4(4): 365-374(1990)。评估基准来自联合国粮农组织所收集的146个国家的数据。
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112 关于潜在的新型作物,请参考:E. O. Wilson,The Diversity of Life (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1992)。
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113 保存作物的新品种和基因,请参考:Erich Hoy,Conserving the Wild Relatives of Crops (Gland, Switzerland: World Conservation Organization, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, and World Wide Fund for Nature, 1988)。
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114 基因工程在农作物上的应用,由于兼具重要性与争议性,短短时间内便衍生出大量的文献。以下是我在简短评论时所参考的数据。关于基因工程潜在的利益,请参考:Charles C. Mann and Dennis Normile,Science , 283: 310-316(1999); Mary Lou Guerinot,Science ,287: 241. 243(2000); Elizabeth Pennisi,Science , 288
:2304-2307(2000); Anne Simon Moffat,Science , 290: 253-254(2000); Michelle Marvier,American Scientist ,89: 160-167(2001); J. Madeleine Nash and Simon Robinson,Time ,156 (5): 38-46 (July 31, 2000)。关于风险和争议部分,请参考:Dean D. Metcalfe et al.,Critical Reviews and Food Science and Nutrition , 36(S): S165-86(1996); Issue Paper,Council for Agricultural Science and Technology ,No. 12, pp. 8 (1999); Joy Bergelson, Colin B. Purrington, and Gale Wichmann, Nature , 395: 25(1998); Tanja H. Schuler et al.,Trends in Biotechnology , 17: 210-216(1999); News and Editorial Staffs,Science , 286: 2243(1999); Dennis Avery,World Link , pp.8-9(July/August 1999); Adrian Murdoch interview Chad Holliday,World Link , pp. 36-39 (November/December 1999); Norman C. Ellstrand, Honor C. Prentice, and James F. Hancock,Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic s, 30: 539-563(1999); Jill Rubin, Masspirg (Massachusetts Public Interest Research Group), 18(3): 4-5(2000); Klaus M. Leisinger,Foreign Policy , No. 119, pp. 113-22 (Summer 2000); Miguel A. Altieri,Foreign Policy , No. 119, pp. 123-131(Summer 2000); Rosie S. Hails,Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 15(1): 14-18(2000); A. R. Watkinson et al.,Science ,289: 1554-1557(2000)。关于妥协、条约以及管理,请参考:Royal Society of London, U. S. National Academy of Sciences, Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, Mexican Academy of Sciences, and Third World Academy of Sciences,Transgenic Plants and World Agriculture (Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 2000); Cyril Kormos and Layla Hughes,Regulating Genetically Modified Organisms: Striking a Balance Between Progress and Safety (Washington, D, C.: Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International- 2000); Colin Macilwain, Nature ,404: 693(2000); Richard J. Mahoney,Science , 288: 615(2000); Tim Beardsley,Scientific America , 282(4): 42-43(April 2000)。我要感谢Monsanto公司的Thomas E. Nickson和Jerry J. Hjelle,谢谢他们与我坦然讨论该公司参与研发转基因作物时所承受的风险与利益。
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115 有关“永续革命”这种说法,最早是在1990年代中期,由印度农学专家M. S. Swaminathan所提出。可参考他的著作:Sustainable Agriculture: Towards an Evergreen Revolution (Delhi, India: Konark Pvt. Ltd., 1996)。
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116 野生物种对于现代医药的贡献,以及后续商业价值,请参考:Douglas J. Futuyma,Science , 267: 41-42(1995); E. O. Wilson,The Diversity of Life (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1992); Peter H. Raven et al.,Teaming with Life (Washington. D. C.: The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, 1999); Colin Macilwain, Nature ,392: 535-540 (1998)。
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117 真菌中发现的免疫抑制剂环孢菌素,其构造和生化功能,请参考:Christopher T. Walsh, Lynne D. Zydowsky, and Frank D. McKeon,The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 267(19): 13115-13118(July 5, 1992); Stuart L. Schreiber and Gerald R. Crabtree,Immunology Today , 13(4): 136-142(1992);The Harvey Lectures , Series, 91, pp. 99-114(1997)。
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118 此处学名疑为Phyllobates terribilis之误,种名同样是恐怖、可怕之意。此种金色箭毒蛙,是所有箭毒蛙中毒性最强的,一只蛙体内所含毒素约2毫克,而人类的血液中如果含有0.3毫克金色箭毒蛙毒素,就足以致命。——译者注
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119 关于从箭毒蛙身上发现镇痛剂地棘蛙素,请参考:David Bradley,Science ,261: 1117(1993); Charles W. Myers and John W. Daly,Science ,262: 1193(1993);尤其是:Mark J. Plotkin,Medicine Quest: In Search of Nature’s Healing Secrets (New York: Viking Penguin, 2000)。
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120 关于婆罗洲的胡桐属植物以及艾滋病病毒抑制剂(+)-calanolide的发现,请参考:Robert Cook,Harvard University Gazette , pp. 1, 4 (November 1996)的附刊“Arnold Arboretum of Harbard University”。该药目前正由Sarawak MediChem制药公司进行抗艾滋病病毒测试。
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121 传统医药采用的植物,请参考:James L. Castner, Stephen L. Timme, and James A. Duck, A Field Guide to Medicinal and Useful Plants of the Upper Amazon (Gainesville, FL.: Feline Press, 1998)。
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