1700248560 122 从热带雨林中提取药物成分，请参考：Michael J. Balick and Robert Mendelsohn,Conservation Biology ,6(1): 128-130(1992)。

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1700248562 123 碳排放权交易（carbon credit trade），为了减缓温室效应，须管制各国的温室气体排放量，但因各地需求不同，此排放量可通过碳排放权交易方式，让国际间依需求出售或购买排放额度，同时达到全球温室气体减量的目标。——译者注

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1700248564 124 关于Petén地区的热带雨林产业，请参考：Laura Tangley,U. S. News & World Report ,124(15): 40-41, 44(April 20, 1998)。

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1700248566 125 Cetus公司和黄石国家公园与聚合酶连锁反应技术研发的关系，请参考：William B. Hull,Biodiversity (Consultative Group on Biological Diversity), 8(1): 1-2(1998)。另外，我也引用其他生物探勘的事例：Leslie Roberts,Science ,256: 1142-1143(1992); Andrew Pollack,New York Times , p. C10(March 5, 1992); Ricardo Bonalume Neto and David Dickson,Nature ,400: 302(1999)。并感谢NPS制药公司的Hunter Jackson私下交换意见（May 27, 1993)，以及Daniel H. Janzen（私下交换意见）补充最新的INBio与默克公司间的协议。

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1700248568 126 对于生态系统是否真能从最底层的微生物往上一一重建，我深表怀疑，这方面的数据，请参考我的著作：Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Knopf, 1998)。

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1700248570 127 莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564—1616），英国剧作家。贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven，1770—1827），德国作曲家。歌德（Johann W. von Goethe，1749—1832），德国诗人、作家，著有《浮士德》、《少年维特的烦恼》。甲壳虫乐队（Beatles），著名的英国摇滚乐队。——译者注

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1700248572 128 环境伦理是一个很大的议题，由一小群学术界人士推动，但很不幸，未受到其他领域学者以及社会大众的重视。推荐阅读书单如下：Aldo Leopold,A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1949) [中译本为《沙郡年记》，吴美真译（天下文化）]，andFor the Health of the Land (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1999); Holmes RolstonⅢ, Philosophy Gone Wild: Essays in Environmental Ethics (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1986); Bill McKibben,The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989); Steven C. Rockefeller and John C. Elder, eds.,Spirit and Nature: Why the Environment is a Religious Issue (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1992); David R. Brower and Steve Chapple,Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Those Who Would Save the Earth (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995); Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes and Allen D. Kanner, Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995); Philip Shabecoff,A New Name for Peace: International Environmentalism, Sustainable Development and Democracy (Hanover, NH: Univ. Press of New England, 1996); Stephen R. Kellert,Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (Washington, DC: Island press, 1997); Daniel C. Maguire and Larry L. Rasmussen, eds.,Ethics for a Small Planet: New Horizons on Population, Consumption, and Ecology (Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press, 1998); Thomas Berry,The Great Work: Our Way into the Future (New York: Bell Tower, 1999); James Eggert,Song of the Meadowlark: Exploring Values for a Sustainable Future (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1999); Martin Gorke,Artensterben: Von der ökologischen Theorie zum Eigenwert der Natur (Stuttgart, Germany: Klett-Cotta, 1999)。此外，还有一份专业期刊：Environmental Ethics , published by the Center for Environmental Philosophy and the University of North Texas, Denton, texas。

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1700248574 129 关于生物的基本构造与遗传机制，可参考：《观念生物学》，霍格兰、窦德生著。——译者注

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1700248576 130 “人类不朽的投资”一词，借用自：Kenneth Small,Politics and the Life Sciences , 16(2): 183-192(1997)。

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1700248578 131 深层生态学（deep ecology），是由挪威哲学家奈斯（Arne Naess）首创的生态哲学，强调所有生物皆平等，并认为万物自有其本身内在的价值。——译者注

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1700248580 132 落基山脉营地登山道旁标语牌的变动请参考：Holmes RolstonⅢ,Garden , 11(4): 2-4, 31-32(July/August 1987)。

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1700248582 133 我曾在以下著作中介绍“亲生命性”的含义：Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984)。这个观念后来被多方引用，包括：Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Stephen R. Kellert,Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (Washington, DC: Island press, 1997)。

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1700248584 134 Gordon H. Orians所引介的人类遗传上的环境偏好观念，系参考Jay Appleton,The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley, 1975)和其他人士的数据与观念而来，请参考：J. S. Lockard, ed.,The Evolution of Human Social Behavior (New York: Elsevier, 1980)。将此观念更进一步发展的著作包括：Orians and Judith H. Heerwagen in J. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, eds.,The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992); Heerwagen and Orians in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Orians,Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 79(1): 15-28(1998)。

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1700248586 135 将人类历史浓缩成70年的想法，系借用自：Howard Frumkin,American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 20(3): 234-240(2001)。

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1700248588 136 关于亲生命性及栖息地偏好在儿童时期的发展，回顾资料请见：Roger S. Ulrich, S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Peter H. Kahn, Jr.,Developmental Review , 17(1): 1-61(1997) and The Human Relationship with Nature: Development and Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999)。

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1700248590 137 关于儿童时期的藏匿所，请参考：David T. Sobel,Children’s Special Places: Exploring the Role of Forts, Dens, and Bush Houses in Middle Childhood (Tucson: Zephyr Press, 1993), p. 90; Will Nixon,The Amicus Journal , pp. 31-35(Summer 1997)。我自己的亲身经历摘自Michigan Quarterly Review , p. 90(Summer 2000)。

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1700248592 138 关于饲养宠物以及接近自然环境所产生的疗效，请参考：Roger S. Ulrich et al.,Journal of Environmental Psychology , 11(3): 201-230 (1991); R. S. Ulrich in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Russ Parsons et al.,Journal of Environmental Psychology , 18(2): 113-140(1998); Howard Frumkin,American Journal of Preventive Medicine 。

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1700248594 139 生物恐惧症的发展，尤其是遗传天性中对危险动物的厌恶感，回顾性文章请参考：Roger S. Ulrich in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993)。对于蛇的厌恶，尤其是文化发展方面，最早提出者为：Balaji Mundkur,The Cult of the Serpent: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Its Manifestations and Origins (Albany: State Univ. of NY Press, 1983)；进一步的阐释，请参考：E. O. Wilson,Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984)。

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1700248596 140 关于野地，我参考了许多详尽的文献，其中大部分是美国的，包括：Roderick Nash,Wilderness and the American Mind, Third Ed. (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1982); Bill Mckibben,The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989); Frans Lanting and Christine K. Eckstrom,Forgotten Edens: Exploring the World’s Wild Places (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1993); J. Baird Callicott et al.,“A Critique and Defense of the Wilderness Idea”, a special section ofWild Earth , pp. 54-68(Winter 1994/1995); David R. Brower and Steve Chapple,Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Those Who Would Save the Earth (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995); Lawrence Buell,The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1995); William Cronon, ed.,Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995); Tom Petrie, Kim Leighton and Greg Linder, eds.,Temple Wilderness: A Collection of Thoughts and Images on Our Spiritual Bond with the Earth (Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press, 1996)。

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1700248598 141 缪尔（John Muir，1838—1914），自然文学作家，被尊为“国家公园之父”。——译者注

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1700248600 142 穷国与富国的收入差异，取材自联合国出版的Human Development Report 1999 ; Fouad Ajami也曾在Foreign Policy , 119: 30-34(Summer 2000)中讨论过。这项差异所造成的影响，请参考下列著作中的数据：Geoffrey D. Dabelko,Wilson Quarterly , 23(4): 14-19(Autumn 1999); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon,Environment, Scarcity, and Violence (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1999) and The Ingenuity Gap (New York: Knopf, 2000)。穷国与富国的消费差异，请参考：William E. Rees and Mathis Wackernagel, AnnMari Jansson et al., eds,Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability(Washington, DC: Island Press, 1994), pp. 362-390。关于四个地球才够消耗的说法，得自我私下和Mathis Wackernagel交换意见(24 January 2000)(Redefining Progress, One Kearny St., San Francisco, CA);另请参考本书第二章对于“生态足迹”概念的解释。

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1700248602 143 1970年代后期，美国发生一场艾草反抗者抗议活动（Sagebrush Rebellion），参与者为西部的农场、牧场、木业、矿业、石油与天然气的经营者，要求将属于联邦政府的公有土地释出，以供开发利用，因此“艾草反抗者”成为反环保分子的代称。——译者注

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1700248604 144 美国人对于大自然的看法和价值观的调查，执行者为贝尔登和卢梭纳罗和研究、策略、管理（Belden & Russonello and Research/Strategy/Management）研究公司，委托者为代表生物多样性咨询组织的交流协会媒体中心（CCMC），后来并写成报告发表：“Human Values and Nature’s Future: American Attitudes on Biological Diversity”(October 1996)。承蒙CCMC准予本书采用此一数据。

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1700248606 145 关于基督教和犹太教的环境行动组织数据，取材自对几位组织领袖的访谈记录：Caryle Murphy,Washington Post , pp. A1-6(3 February 1998); Michael Paulson,Boston Globe , p. B3(14 October 2000)。环境保护与信仰之间的关系取材自：Libby Bassett, John T. Brinkman, and Kusimita P. Pedersen, eds.,Earth and Faith: A Book of Reflection for Action (New York: United Nations Environment Program, 2000)。珍妮赛·雷警告伐木业者不要触怒上帝的文字，取材自：Ecology of A Cracker Childhood (Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 1999)。

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1700248608 146 “森林保护宗教运动”组织的原则声明，取材自：Fred Krueger,Religion and the Forests , 1(1): 2(Spring 2000)。

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