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XII 关于RNR制造自由基，参见：Kang, G.; Taguchi, A. T.; Stubbe, J.; Drennan, C. L.(2020). Structure of a trapped radical transfer pathway within a ribonucleotide reductase holocomplex. Science, 368(6489): 424-427。
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XIII 关于RNR自由基攻击核糖，参见：Cerqueira, N. M.; Fernandes, P. A.; Eriksson, L. A.; Ramos, M. J.(2006). Dehydra tion of ribonucleotides catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase: the role of the enzyme.Biophysical journal, 90(6)
:2109‐2119。
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XIV 关于RNR类型，参见：Tomtera, A. B.; Zoppellaroa, G.; Andersena, N. H.; et al.(2013). Ribonucleotide reductase class I with diferent radical generating clusters,Coordination chemistry reviews, 257(1): 3-26。
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XV 关于RNR进化关系，参见：Poole, A. M.; Logan, D. T.; Sjöberg, B.-M.(2002). The evolution of ribonucleotide reduc tase: much ado about oxygen.Journal of molecular evolution, 55(2): 180–196。
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XVI 福泰尔关于RNR的病毒起源，参见：Forterre, P.; Filée, J.; Myllykallio, H.( 2000-2013) Origin and evolution of DNA and DNA replication machineries. In
:Madame curie bioscience database[Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6360/。
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第十六章
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I 克里克的论文文献：Crick F.H. The origin of the genetic code. J. Mol. Biol. 1968;38
:367–379. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(68) 90392-6.
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II 标准密码子第一位的规律，参见：Wong, J. T.(1975). A co-evolution theory of the genetic code.Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, 72 (5): 1909-1912; Taylor, F. J. R.; Coates, D. (1989). The code within the codons.BioSystems, 22(3): 177–187; Umbarger, H. E.(1978). Amino acid biosynthesis and its regulation.Annual review of biochemistry, 47: 533–606; Danmaliki, G. I.; Liu, P. B.; Hwang, P. M.(2017). Stereoselective deuteration in aspartate, asparagine, lysine, and methionine amino acid residues using fumarate as a carbon source for Escherichia coli in D2O.Biochemistry, 56(45)
:6015-6029。
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III 关于氨基酸侧链疏水性，参见：Wimley, W. C.; Creamer, T. P.; White, S. H.(1996). Solvation energies of amino acid side chains and backbone in a family of host-guest pentapeptides.Biochemistry, 35 (16): 5109–5124。
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IV 库宁总结影响力最大的三个标准遗传密码起源假说，参见：Koonin, E. V.; Novozhilov, A. S.(2009). Origin and evolu tion of the genetic code: the universal enigma.IUBMB Life, 61(2)
:99‐111。
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V 伽莫夫的论文，参见：GAMOW, G. (1954). Possible relation between deoxyribonucleic acid and protein structures.Nature, 173, 318。
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VI 立体化学假说，参见：GAMOW, G. (1954). Possible relation between deoxyribonucleic acid and protein structures.Nature, 173, 318; Pelc, S.; Welton, M.(1966). Stereochemical relationship between coding triplets and amino-acids.Nature, 209: 868–870)；Ellington, A. D.; Khrapov, M.; Shaw, C. A.(2006). The scene of a frozen accident.RNA, 6(4)
:485‐498。
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VII 错误最小化假说，参见：Woese, C. R.(1965). On the evolution of the genetic code.PNAS, 54(6)
:1546-52；Sonneborn,T. M.(1965). Degeneracy of the genetic code: extent, nature, and genetic implications.Evolving genes and proteins, 377–397;Epstein, C. J.(1966). Role of the amino-acid “code” and of selection for conformation in the evolution of proteins.Nature, 210(5031)
:25-8。
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VIII 关于突变参考文献：Suzanne Clancy (2008). Genetic mutation.Nature education, 1 (1): 187；Wellstein, A.; Pitschner,H. F.(1988). Complex dose-response curves of atropine in man explained by diferent functions of M1- and M2-cholinoceptors.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 338 (1): 19–27。
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IX 标准遗传密码优越性，参见：Woese, C. R.; Dugre, D. H.; Saxinger, W. C.; et al.(1966). The molecular basis for the ge netic code.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 55(4): 966-74; Freeland, S. J.; Hurst, L. D.(1998). The genetic code is one in a million.Journal of molecular evolution, 47(3)
:238-48。
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X 协同进化假说，参见：Wong, J. T.(1975). A co-evolution theory of the genetic code.Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, 72(5)
:1909‐1912; Wong, J. T.(2005). Coevolution theory of the genetic code at age thirty.Bioessays, 27(4)
:416-25。
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XI 协同进化假说争议参见：Ronneberg, T. A.; Landweber, L. F.; Freeland, S. J.(2000). Testing a biosynthetic theory of the genetic code: fact or artifact?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(25): 13690-5。
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XII 标准遗传密码始于甘氨酸，参见：Lei, L.; Burton, Z. F.(2020). Evolution of Life on Earth: tRNA, Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases and the Genetic Code.Life(Basel), 10(3)
:21。
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XIII 密码子催化假说参见：Copley, S. D.; Smith, E.; Morowitz, H. J.(2005). A mechanism for the association of amino acids with their codons and the origin of the genetic code.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102 (12): 4442-4447。
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XIV GADV蛋白质世界假说参见：Kenji, I.(2005). Possible steps to the emergence of life: The [GADV]‐protein world hy pothesis. The Chemical Record, 5(2): 107-118; Kenji, I.(2014). [GADV]-protein world hypothesis on the origin of life.Originsof life and evolution of biospheres, 44(4)
:299‐302。
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第十七章
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I 缺少特定类型aaRS的氨酰转运RNA合成方式参见：Ibba, M.; Söll, D.(2001). The renaissance of aminoacyl-tRNA syn thesis.EMBO Reports, 2(5): 382‐387; Bailly, M.; Blaise, M.; Lorber, B.;et al.(2007). The transamidosome: a dynamic ribonu cleoprotein particle dedicated to prokaryotic tRNA-dependent asparagine biosynthesis.Molecular cell, 28(2): 228‐239; Yuan,J.; Palioura, S.; Salazar, J. C.; et al.(2006). RNA-dependent conversion of phosphoserine forms selenocysteine in eukaryotes and archaea.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(50)
:18923‐18927; Sauerwald, A.; Zhu, W.; Major, T. A.; et al.(2005). RNA-dependent cysteine biosynthesis in archaea.Science, 307(5717): 1969‐1972。
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II 修改标准遗传密码，参见：Mandell, D. J.; Lajoie, M. J.; Mee, M. T.; et al.(2015). Biocontainment of genetically modified organisms by synthetic protein design.Nature, 518 (7537): 55–60; Zhang, Y.; Ptacin, J.; Fischer, E.; et al.(2017). A semi-syn thetic organism that stores and retrieves increased genetic information.Nature, 551: 644–647。
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III 转运RNA的内含子参见：Randau, L.; Söll, D.(2008). Transfer RNA genes in pieces.EMBO Reports, 9(7)
:623‐628;Fu jishima, K.; Kanai, A.(2014). tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life.Frontiers in genetics, 5
:142。
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IV 转运RNA内在相似性参见：Tang, T. H.; Rozhdestvensky, T. S.; d’Orval, B. C.; et al. (2002). RNomics in Archaea reveals a further link between splicing of archaeal introns and rRNA processing.Nucleic acids research, 30, 921–930; Widmann, J.;Gi ulio, M. D.; Yarus, M.; Knight, R.(2005). tRNA creation by hairpin duplication.Journal of molecular evolution, 61, 524–530。
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