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XXI 甘氨酸起始假说参见：Bernhardt, H. S.; Tate, W. P.(2008). Evidence from glycine transfer RNA of a frozen accident at the dawn of the genetic code.Biology direct, 3
:53; Bernhardt, H. S.; Tate, W. P.(2010). The transition from noncoded to coded protein synthesis: did coding mRNAs arise from stability-enhancing binding partners to tRNA?Biology direct, 5
:16。
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XXII 受体臂折叠假说参见：Puglisi, E. V.; Puglisi, J. D.; Williamson, J. R.; RajBhandary, U. L.(1994). NMR analysis of tRNA acceptor stem microhelices: discriminator base change afects tRNA conformation at the 3’ end.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(24): 11467‐11471。
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XXIII 芜菁黄花叶病毒争夺缬氨酸参见：Colussi, T. M.; Costantino, D. A.; Hammond, J. A.; Ruehle, G. M.; Nix, J.C.; Kieft, J. S.(2014). The structural basis of transfer RNA mimicry and conformational plasticity by a viral RNA.Nature, 511(7509): 366‐369。
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XXIV 芜菁黄花叶病毒结合其他氨基酸参见：Dreher, T. W.(2009). Role of tRNA-like structures in controlling plant virus replication.Virus research, 139(2): 217‐229; Tsai, C. H.; Dreher, T. W.(1991). Turnip yellow mosaic virus RNAs with anti codon loop substitutions that result in decreased valylation fail to replicate eficiently.Journal of virology, 65(6): 3060‐3067;Wientges, J.; Putz, J.; Giege, R.; Florentz, C.; Schwienhorst, A.(2000). Selection of viral RNA-derived tRNA-like structures with improved valylation activities.Biochemistry, 39: 6207–18; Dreher, T. W.; Tsai, C. H.; Skuzeski, J. M.(1996). Aminoacyla tion identity switch of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA from valine to methionine results in an infectious virus.Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, 93
:12212–6。
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XXV 转运RNA样结构加快翻译速度参见：Osman,T.; Hemenway, C. L.; Buck, K. W.(2000). Role of the 3’tRNA-Like Structure in Tobacco Mosaic Virus Minus-Strand RNA Synthesis by the Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase In Vitro.Journal of virology, 74(24): 11671-11680; Gallie, D. R.; Feder, J. N.; Schimke, R. T.; Walbot, V.(1991). Functional analysis of the tobacco mosaic virus tRNA-like structure in cytoplasmic gene regulation,Nucleic acids research, 19(18): 5031–5036。
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XXVI 病毒转运RNA样结构只凭假结就可以结合aaRS，参见：Schimmel, P.; Alexander. R.(1998). Diverse RNA sub strates for aminoacylation: Clues to origins? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(18): 10351-10353。
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XXVII 粉红面包霉菌逆转录质粒参见：Kuiper，M. T.；Lambowitz, A. M.(1988). A novel reverse transcriptase activity associated with mitochondrial plasmids of neurospora.Cell, 55(4): 693-704; Chen, B.; Lambowitz, A. M.(1997). De novo and DNA primer-mediated initiation of cDNA synthesis by the mauriceville retroplasmid reverse transcriptase involve recognition of a 3’ CCA sequence.Journal of molecular biology, 271(3): 311-32。
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XXVIII 关于逆转录质粒的自我剪切参见：Saville, B. J.; Collins, R. A.(1990). A site-specific self-cleavage reaction per formed by a novel RNA in Neurospora mitochondria.Cell, 61(4): 685-696。
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XXIX 逆转录质粒的逆转录酶逆转录转运RNA参见：Chiang, C. C.; Lambowitz, A. M.(1997). The Mauriceville ret roplasmid reverse transcriptase initiates cDNA synthesis de novo at the 3’ end of tRNAs.Molecular and cellular biology, 17(8): 4526‐4535。
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第十八章
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I 肽基转移酶中心的精确结构和催化原理参见：Yonath, A.(2002). High-resolution structures of large ribosomal sub units from mesophilic eubacteria and halophilic archaea at various functional States.Current protein and peptide science, 3(1): 67‐78; Agmon, I.; Bashan, A.; Zarivach, R.; Yonath, A.(2005). Symmetry at the active site of the ribosome: struc tural and functional implications.Biological chemistry, 386(9): 833‐844。
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II 肽基转移酶中心与转运RNA的相似性参见：Agmon, I.(2009). The dimeric proto-ribosome: Structural details and possi ble implications on the origin of life.International journal of molecular sciences, 10(7): 2921‐2934。
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III 原始蛋白质翻译系统自发组织假说参见：Agmon, I.(2018). Hypothesis: spontaneous advent of the prebiotic translation system via the accumulation of L-shaped RNA elements.International journal of molecular sciences, 19(12): 4021。
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IV RNA自组织通用模块参见：Jaeger, L.; Chworos, A.(2006). The architectonics of programmable RNA and DNA nano structures.Current opinion in structural biology, 16(4)
:531‐543。
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V 阿格蒙的L形模块自发组织成蛋白质翻译系统假说参见：Agmon, I.(2009). The dimeric proto-ribosome: Structural details and possible implications on the origin of life.International journal of molecular sciences, 10(7): 2921‐2934; Agmon,I.(2018). Hypothesis: spontaneous advent of the prebiotic translation system via the accumulation of L-shaped RNA elements.International journal of molecular sciences, 19(12): 4021。
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VI 转运信使RNA参见：Giudice, E.; Macé, K.; Gillet, R.(2014). Trans-translation exposed: understanding the structures and functions of tmRNA-SmpB.Frontiers in Microbiology, 5
:113。
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VII 雷纳尔德·吉莱的信使RNA起源假说参见：Macé, K.; Gillet, R.(2016). Origins of tmRNA: the missing link in the birth of protein synthesis?Nucleic Acids Research, 44(17): 8041–8051; Guyomar, C.; Gillet, R.(2019). When transfer‐messenger RNA scars reveal its ancient origins.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1447: 80-87。
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第五幕
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第十九章
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I 费托合成反应制造脂肪酸参见：McCollom, T. M.; Seewald, J. S.(2007). Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds in deep sea hydrothermal environments.Chemical Reviews, 107(2): 382–401; McCollom, T. M.; Seewald, J. S.(2006). Carbon isotope composition of organic compounds produced by abiotic synthesis under hydrothermal conditions.Earth and planetary science letters, 243(1–2): 74-84; McCollom, T.M.; Ritter, G.; Simoneit, B.R.T.(1999). Lipid Synthesis under hydrothermal conditions by Fischer-Tropsch-Type reactions.Origins of life and evolution of biospheres, 29(2): 153–166。
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II 脂肪酸与氨基酸混合物的原始细胞膜参见：Cornell, C. E.; Black, R. A.; Xue, M.; et al.(2019). Prebiotic amino acids bind to and stabilize prebiotic fatty acid membranes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(35): 17239-17244。
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III 尼克·莱恩的脂肪酸与类异戊二烯混合物的原始细胞膜参见：Jordan, S.F.; Rammu, H.; Zheludev, I. N.; et al.(2019).Promotion of protocell self-assembly from mixed amphiphiles at the origin of life.Nature ecology & evolution, 3: 1705–1714。
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IV 杰克·绍斯塔克用柠檬酸稳定原始细胞膜参见：O’Flaherty, D. K.; Kamat, N. P.; Mirza, F. N.; et al.(2018). Copying of Mixed-Sequence RNA Templates inside Model Protocells.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 140(15)
:5171‐5178; Adamala, K.; Szostak, J. W.(2013). Nonenzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis inside model protocells.Science, 342(6162): 1098‐1100。
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V 杰克·绍斯塔克的原始细胞分裂实验参见：Hanczyc, M. M.; Fujikawa, S. M.; Szostak, J. W.(2003). Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: encapsulation, growth, and division.Science, 302(5645): 618-622; Zhu, T. F.; Szostak, J. W.(2009). Coupled growth and division of model protocell membranes.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(15): 5705‐5713; Budin, I.; Debnath, A.; Szostak, J. W.(2012). Concentration-driven growth of model protocell membranes.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134(51): 20812‐20819。
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VI 杰克·绍斯塔克用肽把RNA吸附在原始细胞膜上的实验参见：Kamat, N.P.; Tobé, S.; Hill, I. T.; Szostak, J. W.(2015).Electrostatic Localization of RNA to Protocell Membranes by Cationic Hydrophobic Peptides.Angewandte chemie international edition, 54(40): 11735‐11739。
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